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Download Global History 1 _ 2 Vocab
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H1 Vocab – Geography Social – having to do with people Political – having to do with Government/Politics Economic – having to do with money ________-ologist – a person who studies ______________ ________-oloogy – the study of ____________ Archaeologist – a person who studies past cultures Anthropologist – a person who studies the development of cultures Frame of Reference - AKA=Point of View - your life experience shapes the way you Think. History – the study of people in the past Historian – a person who studies & writes about the past, they are concerned with past events, beliefs & ideas. Primary Source – original record of an event. Ex: eyewitnesses, written documents, speeches, paintings & photographs. Secondary Source – the writings & opinions of an historian. Ex: textbooks & articles Continents – 7 large masses that make up most of the Earth’s surface. Peninsula – land that is surrounded on 3 sides by water. Archipelago – a chain of islands Plateau – an area of elevated flat land Oceans – 4 large masses of saltwater Strait – a narrow channel of water between 2 large land masses River – freshwater channel of water flowing from higher elevation to lower elevation Lake – a body of freshwater surrounded by land Physical/Topographical Map – illustrates the physical features of the area (mountains, rivers) Political Map – illustrates the borders, names & capitals of each nation. Longitude – imaginary lines that vertically (run up & down) the Earth from North to South. Prime Meridian – middle Longitude line located at 0’. It divides the world into the Eastern & Western Hemispheres. Latitude – imaginary lines that run horizontally (from side to side) across the Earth. Equator – middle Latitude line located at 0’. It divides the world into the Northern & Southern Hemispheres. Ancient World Early Peoples & River Civilizations Cultural Diffusion – the exchange or spread of ideas, beliefs & customs from one group of people to another. Examples: food, language, clothing, holidays, music Nomads – people who moved from place to place, hunting & gathering their food Neolithic – the period of human culture characterized by the development of a system of settled agriculture; A.K.A. = the Old Stone Age Technology – tools & skills people use to meet their basic needs Civilization – community characterized by 6 elements: Cities & Central Government, Traditional Economy, Organized Religion, Specialized Jobs & Social Classes, System of writing, Art & Architecture Polytheistic – believing in many gods Pharaoh – ruler of ancient Egypt Fertile Crescent – located to the north & east of Egypt, it is a crescent-shaped region of good farmland created by the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers that stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea Ziggurats – pyramid-like structures built by the Sumerians & dedicated to their many gods Cuneiform – wedge-shaped writing formed by pressing a pen-like instrument into clay, developed by the Sumerians Empire – groups of states or territories governed by one ruler Code of Hammurabi – the 1st major collection of laws in human history, named after Babylon’s most powerful ruler, Hammurabi Middle Kingdom – traditional name for Chinese civilization, so-called because the Chinese believed that China was the center of the Earth. Dynasty – the ruling family Classical Civilizations Mandate of Heaven – according to Chinese tradition, the divine right to rule Divine Right – the leader’s claim that their power was granted by God. Feudalism – system of government in which local lords control their own lands but owe military service & other support to a greater lord. Bureaucracy – system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials Polis – city-state of ancient Greece Aristocracy – a government ruled by an upper class Direct democracy – system of government in which citizens participate directly rather than through elected representatives Hellenistic – type of culture, resulting from Alexander the Great’s conquests, that blended eastern & western influences. Republic – system of government in which officials are chosen by the people to be representatives Senate – the most powerful governing body of ancient Rome Patricians – member of the landholding upper class in ancient Rome Plebeians – member of the lower class in ancient Rome, which included farmers, merchants, artisans & traders. Pax Romana – term meaning ‘Roman Peace’ for a period covering 200 years beginning with the reign of Augustus. Laws of the Twelve Tables – laws of ancient Rome written on twelve tablets & displayed in the marketplace. Aqueducts – bridge-like stone structure that brings water from hills to cities, first used by the ancient Romans Silk Road – ancient trade route that linked China to the west Rise & Fall of Great Empires Wudi – Monopoly – Silk Road – Augustus – Pax Romana – Emergence & spread of Belief Systems Animism – the belief that every living & nonliving thing in nature has a spirit. Brahman- single unifying spirit of Hindu belief Reincarnation – in Hinduism, the rebirth of the soul in a new body Karma – in Hinduism, all the deeds of a person’s life that affect existence in the next life. Dharma – in Hinduism, the moral & religious duties that are expected of an individual Buddha – the enlightened one Nirvana – in Buddhism, union with the universe & release from the cycle of death & rebirth Monotheistic – believing in one god Messiah – Jewish word for a savior sent by God Hijra – Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 Koran– the sacred texts/scriptures of Islam Sharia – the system of Islamic law Missionaries – people dedicated to spreading a religion Diaspora – the scattering of a people, as when the Jewish people were forced to leave their homeland in Palestine Expanding Zones of Exchange The Gupta Empire in India Gupta Dynasty – Pataliputra Untouchables – within the ancient Indian caste system, outcasts who lived harsh lives Patriarchal – family order in which the father or oldest male heads the household Stupas – large dome-shaped Buddhist shrine Joint Families – Decimal System – Arabic numerals – Stupas – Tang & Song Dynasties in China Tang Dynasty Tributary states – independent state that must acknowledge the supremacy of another state & pay tribute (money) to its ruler Song Dynasty Gentry – wealthy landowning class Calligraphy – fine handwriting that began in China Pagoda – a Chinese temple with a roof that curved up at the corners Porcelain – a hard, shiny pottery that was perfected in China The Byzantine Empire & Russia Justinian – Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, reigned from 527 to 565 Autocrat – a single ruler with complete authority Justinian’s Code – code of laws organized by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian in the 500s Icons – holy image of Jesus, the Virgin Mary or a saint of the Orthodox Christian Church Mosaics – picture or design formed by inlaid pieces of stone or other materials Patriarch – the highest church official in the Orthodox Christian Church Schism – a permanent split Kiev Czars – term for autocratic ruler of Russia, Russian word for Caesar Islamic Civilization Caliph – successor to Muhammad as political & religious leader of the Muslims Sharia Sunni/Shite – the two main divisions of Islam Umayyad Dynasty – ruling family that spread Islam from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Indus River in the east in the late 600s. The dynasty was based out of Damascus rather than Mecca. Abbassid Dynasty – captured Damascus in 750 & moved the capital to Baghdad thus ending Arab domination of Islam. Abbassid rulers enjoyed great wealth & power & ushered in a golden age for the Muslim World. Calligraphy – fine, artistic handwriting that began in China & spread to the Arab world. Averroes – Muslim scholar, Ibn Rushd, strongly influenced Christian scholars with his writings on Aristotle. Guilds - an organization of persons with related interests & goals, especially one formed for mutual aid or protection. Medieval Europe Medieval – the name for the period of the Middle Ages, from about 500 to the middle of the 1400s Charlemange – Frankish King, who built an empire that stretched across modern-day France, Germany & Italy, in the 800s Chivalry – the code of conduct followed by knights during the Middle Ages Manorialism – an economic system structured around a lord’s manor or estate Serfs – in medieval Europe, peasants that were bound to the lord’s land Secular – having to do with worldly rather than religious matters Excommunicated – to exclude from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church laws Monasteries – community where men & women focus on spiritual goals Anti-semitism – prejudice or discrimination toward Jewish people Gothic – style of European church architecture uses pointed arches & flying buttresses The Crusades Seljuk Turks – Muslims who invaded the Byzantine Empire in the 1050s & conquered Palestine (the Holy Land) The Crusades – a series of Holy (Religious) Wars fought between Christians & Muslims that lasted nearly 200 years Pope Urban II – called on Christians to regain the holy land at the Council of Clermont in 1095 Holy Land – Christians referred to Palestine as the holy land because it was where Jesus lived & taught. Motive – a reason for doing something Loot – to steal things, especially from shops & homes that have been damaged in a war Saladin - Muslim warrior who united the Muslim world & retook Jerusalem in the name of Islam. Richard the Lion Heart – named English King in 1189. He attempted to regain the Holy Land during the 3rd Crusade. Cultural Diffusion – spreading of ideas, beliefs or customs from one group of people to another. Rift – a situation in which 2 people or groups have had a serious disagreement & do not trust each other Global Interactions Early Japan & feudalism Shinto – traditional Japanese religion Kami – according to Japanese tradition, the spirits in all living & nonliving things. Zen Buddhism – sect of Buddhism that spread throughout Japan Shogun – in Japanese feudal society, top military commander Daimyo – in feudal Japan, warrior lords who held a place below the shogun Samurai – member of the warrior class in Japanese feudal society Bushido – code of conduct for samurai during the feudal period in Japan Kabuki – form of Japanese drama developed in the 1600s haiku – form of Japanese poetry that expresses a feeling, thought or idea in three lines The Mongols & their Impact Genghis Khan – Supreme ruler of the Mongol clans. A brave warrior & skilled leader whose name means “World Emperor” Golden Horde – the name for the tents in the camps of Mongol armies that conquered lands in Russia & Eastern Europe between 1236 & 1241. Kublai Khan – grandson of Genghis Khan who conquered China, Korea, Tibet & Vietnam Yuan Dynasty – the Chinese name for Kublai Khan’s dynasty in China Mughal Dynasty - ruling family that led India from 1526 to 1857. Akbar the Great – the greatest Mughal ruler who, although he was Muslim, won support of Hindus because of his tolerant policies Pax Mongolia – “Mongolian Peace”, the period in which there was stability & prosperity throughout the Mongol Empire Macro Polo – an Italian merchant, who traveled to Kublai Khan’s Yuan Dynasty in China. His writings introduced Europeans to the beauty & riches of China Ibn Battuta – a Moroccan Scholar, who traveled to Mecca, Asia Minor, Persia, India, Indonesia, China & Spain. Historians have used his journal (a primary source) to study the past. Resentment –a feeling of anger because something happened that you think is unfair. Isolation – to be removed or apart from; to be by yourself Silk Road – the trade route that linked China to the Middle East Global Trade & Interactions Zheng He – Chinese admiral who traveled to Southeast Asia, India, the Arabian Peninsula & the East African coast promoting Chinese trade & collecting tribute Mogadishu – East African trading center. European ships would stop there on their way to Asia Trade fair – site of regular trading activity in medieval Europe Hanseatic League – trade association of northern German towns in the mid-1300s Bubonic plague – a contagious disease that devastated the world in the 1300s Epidemic – an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly & affects a large number of people The Resurgence of Europe Guild – a type of trade association of merchants or artisans that was active in the Middle Ages Apprentices – a young person who is learning a trade from a master Capitalism – an economic system based on trade & capital & supply & demand Capital – money used for investment Commercial Revolution – a period in which there were new business practices, a business revolution Renaissance – period of great creativity & change in Europe from the 1300s through the 1600s; the word means “rebirth” Humanism – intellectual movement at the heart of the renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than religious ones Michelangelo – Leonardo da Vinci – Martin Luther – Indulgences – the pardon of sins 95 Theses – list of 95 arguments against indulgences, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 Protestant Reformation – period when Europeans broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & formed new Christian churches John Calvin – Ignatius Loyola – Common law – uniform system of justice, developed in England, based on court decisions that became accepted legal principles Magna Carta – a charter signed by English king John in 1215 that placed limits on the king’s power Parliament – representative assembly in England African Civilizations Savanna – grassy plain with fertile soil. Most of Africa is made up of savanna Desert – a dry, barren land with little rainfall & vegetation. The Sahara Desert in Northern Africa is the world’s largest desert. Rain forest - tropical forest of tall, densely growing trees in an area of high annual rainfall. Africa has rain forests along the Equator& on the Mediterranean coast. Traditional Society – a society based on local government, family, religion & farming Ghana Mansa Musa Songhai – Axum – Caravans – a group of merchants (traders) who travel together through dangerous territory Commerce – a large scale exchange of goods between 2 countries Swahili – language that mixed Arabic words with Bantu, an African language Manuscript – a book or document written by hand The First Global Age Mesoamerican Civilizations Pre-Columbian – Mayas – Aztecs – Incas – Terraces – Quipus – knotted strings used by Incan officials for keeping records The Ming Dynasty in China Ming Dynasty – Middle Kingdom – traditional name for Chinese civilization, so-called because the Chinese believed that China was the center of the Earth. Zheng He – Chinese admiral who traveled to Southeast Asia, India, the Arabian Peninsula & the East African coast promoting Chinese trade & collecting tribute Matteo Ricci – The Ottoman Empire Constantinople – Suleiman – Sultan – Muslim ruler Millets – within the Ottoman empire, a religious community of non-Muslims Janissaries – members of an elite force in the army of the Ottoman Empire Mosques – Muslim house of worship Explorations, Encounters & Imperialism Reconquista – a campaign begun by Christians in the 700s to recapture Spain from the Muslims Cartographers – mapmaker Astrolabe – instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars Vasco da Gama – Christopher Columbus – Imperialism – domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country or region Ferdinand Magellan – Sepoys – Indian soldier serving in the army set up by British or French Conquistadors – name, meaning “conqueror”, for certain explorers of the 1500s & 1600s Plantations – large estate run by an owner or overseer Triangular trade – Middle Passage – the voyage from Africa to the Americas on slave ships Encomienda – system created by Spanish government in the Americas allowing colonists to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans Columbian Exchange – global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas & technology that began in the late 1400s Mercantilism – economic policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its national wealth Absolutism & the Puritan Revolution Absolutism – political system in which autocratic rulers have complete authority over the government & the lives of people in their nations Akbar the Great – Philip II – Divine right – belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from god Louis XVI – Jacques Bossuet – Ivan the Terrible – Peter the Great – Puritans – group in England in the 1600s who sought to purify the church of England by eliminating Catholic practices Thomas Hobbes – The Leviathan – Puritan Revolution – Oliver Cromwell – Glorious Revolution – in Great Britain, nonviolent overthrow of the government of James II that resulted in the reign of William & Mary English Bill of Rights – a set of acts passed by Parliament to ensure its superiority over the monarchy & guarantee certain rights to citizens Limited Monarchy – government in which a legislative body limits the monarch’s power An Age of Revolutions Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment Revolution – a major change in a society, usually an improvement Heliocentric – the theory that the universe was sun - centered Scientific Method – a method of discovering truth based on experimentation & observation. Scientific Revolution – period in the 1500s & 1600s in which scientific thinkers challenged traditional ideas & relied on observation & experimentation. Nicolaus Copernicus – Galileo Galilei – Issac Newton – Natural Laws – laws that govern human nature Enlightenment – the period in the late 1700s in which people rejected traditional ideas & supported a belief in human reasoning Rationalism – the belief that logical thought can lead to the truth Natural Rights – John Locke’s belief that all people have the right to life, liberty & property Rene Descartes – John Locke – Baron de Montesquieu – Voltaire – Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Enlightened despots – absolute ruler who used royal power to reform society Joseph II – Political Revolutions Declaration of Independence – document drafted by Thomas Jefferson that declared American independence from Great Britain Absolute Monarchy – a King or a Queen who rules with total & complete power Estates – French social classes Clergy – church officials Bourgeoisie – middle – class or the working class people Estates General – a French legislative body made up of clergy, nobles & common people, such as businessmen & peasants. National Assembly – group formed mostly by the Third Estate in France in1789 with the intention (plan) of writing a new constitution. Declaration of the Rights of Man – written by the National Assembly in 1789, it stated that all men have natural rights, the freedom of religion & fixed the unequal tax system in France. Limited Monarchy – a government in which the King or Queen has some power; it’s the opposite of an absolute monarchy. Reign of Terror – period of time in France after the King was executed & tens of thousands of people were executed Maximilien Robespierre – a radical revolutionary who led the reign of Terror Coup d’etat – a revolt by military leaders to overthrow the government Napoleonic Code – legal code (code of laws) of Napoleon that included many Enlightenment ideas Napoleon Bonaparte – Toussaint L’Ouverture – Simon Bolivar – Jose de San Martin – Reaction against Revolutionary Ideas Congress of Vienna – conference held in 1815 among European diplomats that had the purpose of restoring order & stability to Europe Prince Clemens von Metternich – Balance of power – distribution of political & economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong Conservatism – set of beliefs held by those who want to preserve traditional ways Liberalism – way of thinking that supports personal freedom, democracy & reform Nationalism – a feeling of pride in & devotion to one’s country Russification – attempt by Russian rulers to make all groups under Russian rule think, act & believe as Russians Pogroms – violent attack on a Jewish community Oligarchy – government in which ruling power belongs to a few people Caudillos – military dictator in Latin America Cash crop economy – economy based on the raising & selling of one crop or a small number of crops Porfirio Diaz – Emiliano Zapata – Francisco “Pancho” Villa – Global Nationalism Giuseppe Mazzini – Count Camillo Cavour – Giuseppe Garibaldi – Otto von Bismarck – Kaiser – German word meaning “emperor”, used for German kings of the late 1800s & early 1900s Blood & Iron – Zionism – movement dedicated to building a Jewish state in Palestine Indian National Congress – group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders in India in the last 1800s to gain greater democracy & eventual self-rule Muslim League – group formed by Muslims in India in the early 1900s to protect Muslim interests Young Turks – movement established by Turks in the late 1800s to reform the Ottoman Empire Pan-Slavism – nationalist movement that sought to unite Slavic peoples Economic & Social Revolutions Agrarian Revolution – change in farming methods in the 1600s that improved the quality & quantity of farm products Enclosure – process of taking over & fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers Industrial Revolution – period in which production of goods shifted from using hand tools to using power-driven machines & from human & animal power to steam power Factories – place in which workers & machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods Laissez faire – policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference Adam Smith – Capitalism – economic system in which the means of production are privately owned & operated for profit Supply & demand – Thomas Malthus – Social Darwinism – Robert Owen – Socialism – system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property & operate all businesses Karl Marx – Suffrage – the right to vote Japan & the MEIJI Restoration See H3 vocab Imperialism See H3 Vocabulary
