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Comparison of coordination by hormones and the nervous system Control and coordination A system which matches specific responses to particular stimuli to ensure “the right thing happens in the right place at the right time to the right degree Achieved by: The endocrine system. Hormones secreted by endocrine glands carried in the bloodstream to particular target organs whose cells have hormone-specific receptors in their membranes e.g. • adrenal glands/adrenaline, • pancreas/insulin • thyroid gland/thyroxine • pituitary gland/ADH • kidney/EPO Hormones are chemicals affect chemical processes in the target cells e.g. • insulin: glucose glycogen • testosterone protein synthesis Most of these responses are • long term • permanent The nervous system • Coordination and control is achieved by the transmission of electrical signals -nerve impulses - along specialised cells –neurones. Nerve impulses cause a response in effectors e.g. • contraction in muscles • secretion by glands Responses are • short duration • not permanent Nervous system • Signal = nerve impulses (electrical) • +chemicals at synapses • Nerve impulses transmitted by neurones (=cells) Hormones (endocrine system) • Signal = hormones (chemicals) • Hormones transmitted by blood stream Nervous system • Signals transmitted very rapidly • Responses are rapid • Reponses short term; only while impulses arrive Hormones • Signals transmitted slower • Responses are generally slower • Responses normally more long term, until hormone broken down Nervous • Response local in specific effectors only Hormones • Response more widely spread • Effectors are muscles or glands • Effectors are target cells with specific receptors in membranes • Response is contraction or secretion • Response is a chemical change e.g. glucose glycogen, protein synthesis Nervous • Response is not permanent • Controls specific rapid responses to rapid changes in the environment Hormones • Response often a permanent change • Controls more longer duration responses to changes in the environment e.g. insulin/blood sugar, ADH/water and long term changes associated with growth and development