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Grammar Lesson 16
The 3 Verbals + “Gerry”
When a word that is normally used as a verb
is used as a noun, adjective or adverb:
1. Gerund =ends in –ing and can only be noun
running, gaming, flying, dancing
2. Infinitive = must have “to” in front
3. Participle = part of tense
Grammar Lesson 16
Gerund
Gerunds would normally be the verb, the
action, of the sentence – like this:
Connor was running so fast at practice!
But now its not the action, but the subject:
Running has grown into a passion for
Connor.
Grammar Lesson 16
Gerund
Here is another example where it used as a
verb, then as a noun and the direct object:
Josh was dancing the Tango at practice.
But now its not the action, but the subject:
Our school offers dancing as a class.
Grammar Lesson 16
Diagramming the Gerund
Verbals, including the Gerund, are special –so
we put them on a pedestal when diagramming:
Our school offers dancing as a class.
Grammar Lesson 16
Gerund as Subject
Running is great exercise.
Grammar Lesson 16
Gerund as Direct Object
Our school offers dancing as a class.
Grammar Lesson 16
Questions 1-3 (3 pts)
Write the gerund then diagram sentence:
Does cooking interest you?
Grammar Lesson 16
Questions 1-3 (3 pts)
Write the gerund then diagram sentence:
David loves cooking and cleaning?
Grammar Lesson 17
Progressive Verb Forms
The six tenses each have a progressive form:
Present Past Future
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
They are expressed with some form of to be
and the present participle (-ing)
Grammar Lesson 17
Present Progressive
= action still in progress at time of speaking
using is/am/are “I am listening”
Past Progressive
= action in progress through out a specific
time in the past using was/were
“I was listening”
Grammar Lesson 17
Future Progressive
= action that will be in progress in the future
using shall be or will be
“I shall be listening”
Present Perfect Progressive
= action begun in the past & still continuing
using has been or have been
“I have been listening”
Grammar Lesson 17
Past Perfect Progressive
= action begun, continued and ended in past
using had been
“You had been listening”
Future Perfect Progressive
= continuous action completed in the future
using will/shall have been
“You will have been listening”
Grammar Lesson 17
For 7-12, write the verb phrase and tense:
7. By the end of the season, I shall have
been starting every game.
8. Coach was discussing the starting lineup.
9. He will be evaluating our practice effort.
10. Guys had been whining the last week.
11. Dresch has been looking for our best.
12. Players are pushing each other hard.
Grammar Lesson 18
Linking Verbs
• Linking verbs “link” the subject to the rest
of the predicate.
• Does not show action, and it is not
“helping” the action verb.
• Purpose is to connect a name or description
to the subject, kind of like prepositions.
Mr. Randolph was a softball coach.
Grammar Lesson 18
Action or Linking?
Lebron appears healthy.
• Linking verb, linking Lebron and healthy.
Lebron appears at the Boys and Girls club
to support their cause.
• Action verb, because Lebron is taking an
action – to appear at the club.
Grammar Lesson 18
Common Linking Verbs
Is, am, are, was, were, be being
(these are the forms of “to be”)
Look, feel, taste, smell, sound, seem,
appear, grow, become, remain, stay
(other states of being or status that link)
Grammar Lesson 18
Questions 13-15:
Write the linking verb from the sentence
13. Lobbyists appear unscrupulous sometimes.
14. The excuse sounded irrelevant and stupid.
15. Jordan was the best of all time.
Grammar Lesson 19
The Infinitive as Subject
• Like Gerund, Infinitive is a Verbal, formed
from a verb but acts as something else
• Verb + preposition “to” before it
to censor to incriminate to get
• Can act as a noun (thing), adjective (to
describe) or adverb (tells where/when/how)
Grammar Lesson 19
Infinitive as Subject
What part of speech must a word be in
order to be a subject?
= noun or pronoun
Can an infinitive be the subject of a
sentence?
= yes because it’s a verbal (changes its POS)
Grammar Lesson 19
Diagramming the Infinitive
What is unique about diagramming verbals?
= they are special and go on stilts
Besides the subject, what else can an
infinitive be in a sentence (same as gerund)?
= Object (direct or indirect)
Grammar Lesson 19
Diagramming the Infinitive
To dance was her only dream.
Grammar Lesson 19
Questions 16-18:
Write the infinitive from each sentence
16. To dance was her only dream.
17. To hold a baby is the scariest thing.
18. To have cried is manlier than not.
Grammar Lesson 19
Questions 19-20:
Diagram the sentence
To dance was her only dream.
Grammar Lesson 20
Phrases & Clauses
Phrase:
May have nouns and/or verbs, but doesn’t
have both a subject and predicate.
•
•
•
•
Prepositional Phrase “…of the players”
Verb Phrase “…would have shot”
Gerund Phrase “…running the show”
Infinitive Phrase “…to make a basket”
Grammar Lesson 20
Phrases & Clauses
Clause:
It does have both a subject and predicate
As the car passed the cop…
…but only one player passed the ball.
IMPORTANT:
Every complete sentence must have at least
one clause, but many have more than one.
Grammar Lesson 20
Diagramming a Clause
Subject = Predicate
The equal sign (=) is used to show balance. A
sentence must have this same balance.
Diagraming a sentence starts with that
balance with subject & predicate on each
side.
Grammar Lesson 20
Diagramming: Subject = Predicate
Dogs barked. This is a legitimate sentence
because it has a subject (Dog) and verb
(barked).
Notice it passes the sound test also.
Grammar Lesson 20
Diagramming: Subject = Predicate
Big dogs barked at me.
The subject & predicate are still the same,
we just added more detail
big=adjective
at (preposition) + me (pronoun) =
prepositional phrase
Grammar Lesson 20
Diagramming: Subject = Predicate
Big dogs barked at me.
Grammar Lesson 20
Questions 21-23:
Write whether it is a clause or a phrase
21. big dogs barked at me
22. barking dogs
23. the elevator in the house
Grammar Lesson 20
Questions 24-25:
Diagram the sentences.
24. Sugar kills.
25. Brown sugar kills oatmeal.