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The Renaissance in Europe
The Italian States
The Italian States
Content Vocabulary
Mercenary
A soldier who fights
primarily for pay
Republic
A form of government in which the
leader is not a king or monarch and
certain citizens have the right to vote
Burgher
Member of the middle class
Shopkeepers artisans skilled workers
Bonus: Burgher Republic
A form of government in which the
leader is not a king or monarch and
members of the middle class have
the right to vote
The Italian States
• Italy led Europe out of the dark ages
because of its access to overland and
maritime (sea) Trade creating
independent city states with their own
governments which were open to new
ideas in Science and Art
The Italian States
• Five major urban centers – Milan, Venice,
Florence, Rome, and Naples – Dominated
Italy and played crucial roles in Italian
politics and culture.
• These City States (Area Controlled by a
leading business person instead of a
monarch) became wealthy because of
their locations on major trade routes
*The Italian States
• Powerful monarchies in other parts of
Europe, particularly France and Spain,
began to vie for control of Italy, leading
to a series of wars between French and
Spanish forces
• These wars culminated in the 1527
pillaging of Rome by the Armies of
Charles I of Spain
The Italian States
In his book The Prince, Machiavelli
expressed views that political activity
should be independent of moral
principals and that the end justifies the
means and rule by any means
necessary
The Italian States
Renaissance society, like society in the
Middle Ages, was divided into three
social classes: the clergy, the nobility,
and the peasants and townspeople
Peasant life
hadn’t
changed
much since
the dark
ages
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3
2
4
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The Italian States
Although nobles made up only a
small portion of the population,
they dominated society and were
expected to adhere to certain ideals
The Italian States
Townspeople were divided into three
groups: the wealthy urban upper class, the
burghers – Shopkeepers, artisans, guild
masters, and guild members; and the
workers, who earned low wages, along
with the unemployed. The poor workers
and the unemployed were by far the most
numerous
Ideas and Art of the
Renaissance
Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
Content Vocabulary
Humanism
Vernacular
An intellectual movement of the
Renaissance based on the study
of the humanities, Away from
purely religious topics to
include the knowledge of the
ancient Greeks and Romans
Writing in a local language of
everyday speech of a particular
region to allow more people
access to new information
Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
Content Vocabulary
Fresco
Perspective
New artistic technique of
Painting on fresh, wet
plaster with water based
paints
Artistic techniques used to
give the effect of three
dimensional depth to twodimensional surfaces
Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
Humanism, and intellectual movement of the
Renaissance, was based on the study of
humanities, which included grammar, logic,
rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy,
mathematics, astronomy, music, and history
going back to the teaching of the Greeks and
Romans
Why was this so different than what they had
been doing?
Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
Petrarch, often called the father of
Italian Renaissance humanism,
emphasized the use of pure classical
Latin, resulting in the widespread us of
humanist ideas in scholarly works
Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
• Often writers, such as Dante Alighieri
and Christian de Pizan, wrote in the
Vernacular in order to be accessible to a
larger audience
• The invention of the printing press in the
mid-fifteenth century contributed to the
rise in literacy
Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
Liberal studies were at the core of
humanist schools as humanist
educators aimed to create complete
citizens, virtuous and wise
Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
Renaissance artists developed a
worldview that placed human beings
at the center. They also used a new
technique in painting and sculpture to
imitate nature, especially the human
form, in their art
Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
• The High Renaissance (about 1490 to
1520) produced master artists such as
Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and
Michelangelo.
• The artists of northern Europe also
imitated nature, but they used different
approaches than their counterparts in
Italy
Ideas and Art of the Renaissance
• The High Renaissance (about 1490 to
1520) produced master artists such as
Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and
Michelangelo.
• The artists of northern Europe also
imitated nature, but they used different
approaches than their counterparts in
Italy
• Leonardo Da Vinci painted the Mona