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Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 5
Sophie Bevan
Recap
• What is ATP?
• What are the measurements for
energy?
• What is energy used for?
• What forms can energy take?
Today
• Energy (more detail)
• Respiration (Cellular, Aerobic and
Anaerobic)
Energy
Energy is required for growth, repair,
movement and other metabolic activities
Cells need energy for various purposes;
e.g. cell division, movement, maintaining
body temperature, building large
molecules (synthesis)
Energy
Food is the source of chemical energy for
most living things.
Fats contain more than twice as much
energy per gram as either carbohydrates
or proteins (which both contain about the
same as each other).
Respiration
Respiration is the release of energy from
glucose (or other organic substances).
.
Respiration
There are two main types of respiration,
aerobic and anaerobic.
Aerobic respiration takes place in the
presence of oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration
• Cells need oxygen to release energy
from food. This process is called
aerobic respiration.
• We can describe what happens by using
a word equation:
• GLUCOSE + OXYGEN -> ENERGY +
CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER
Respiration
• Carbon dioxide is a waste product of
respiration and is formed from carbon
and oxygen which were originally part of
the food molecules.
• Heat energy may be released from cells
during respiration.
Cellular Respiration
What is it?
• Cellular respiration is the set of the
metabolic reactions and processes that
take place in the cells of organisms to
convert biochemical energy from
nutrients into adenosine triphosphate
(ATP), and then release waste products.
Cellular Respiration
What is it?
• The reactions involved in respiration are
catabolic reactions.
• Respiration is one of the key ways a cell
gains useful energy to fuel cellular
changes.
Energy Sources
• Nutrients that are commonly used by
animal and plant cells in respiration
include sugar, amino acids and fatty
acids, and a common oxidizing agent is
oxygen (O2).
• Organisms that use oxygen in
respiration are described as aerobic.
How is energy Produced?
• The energy released in respiration is
used to synthesize ATP to store this
energy.
• The energy stored in ATP can then be
used to drive processes requiring
energy, including biosynthesis,
locomotion or transportation of
molecules across cell membranes.
Energy Production: Aerobic
Respiration
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to
generate energy (ATP).
• Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all
be processed and consumed as reactant, it is the
preferred method to break them (pyruvate) down
in glycolysis.
•
This requires that pyruvate enter the
mitochondrion in order to be fully oxidized by the
Krebs cycle.
• The product of this process is energy in the form
of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
How is energy Produced?
• Through aerobic respiration which has 3
main stages:
• Glycolysis
• Krebs Cycle
• Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron
Transport Chain)