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3 Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations: Maya, Aztec, Inca Find these locations and label them on your map. Early Human Migrations A.D. 250 - A.D. 900 Lands of the Mayans The Yucatan Peninsula Tikal, Guatemala Map of Tikal Temple of the Masks Tikal: Temple of the Masks Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain God Tikal Jungle View at Sunset Chichen-Itza - Pyramid Cities were religious centers. Pyramid style Temples stood in the middle of the city. Worshiped many gods and performed rituals including human sacrifice to their gods. Pakal: The Maya Astronaut Quetzalcoatl: The God of Wisdom & Learning Every Spring and Fall equinox, the sun hits the pyramid just perfectly that a snake is formed on the edge of the staircase. The head is down on the bottom of the staircase. Architects still aren’t exactly sure of how the Mayans figured out how to build this. Chichen-Itza - Observatory Mayan priests studied the stars and planets. Designed an accurate calendar to determine cycles. Mayan Mathematics First number system with a 0 Mayan Hieroglyphic Writing System sky king house child city Chichen-Itza - Ball Court Game: Pok-ta-Pok Mayan Cultivation of Maize Chac, God of Rain Farmers worked in fields surrounding the city. Maize most important crop. Also grew squash, beans, peppers, avocados, and papayas. Mayan Underground Granaries: Chultunes Ground the corn into flour to make tortillas. Mayan Drinking Cup for Chocolate The Great Mystery of the Mayas: Collapse of the Mayan Civilization Suddenly left their cities. Why?? Enormous Population – Lack of Resources (water, food, materials) Revolution against the Government – Peasant uprising against nobles & priests Invasions Natural Disaster (earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanos etc.) Disease Calendar Prophesies -Mayans believed they were headed for collapse because their calendar said they were, therefore they thought they should move to new centers Maya Review A.D. 1100 – A.D.1521 Lands of the Aztecs Aztec View of Tenochtitlan Island in Lake Texcoco Population 200,000 Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan Aztecs Human Sacrifice of Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God Aztec Sun Motifs Heart Sacrifice on an Aztec Temple Pyramid Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden: 15ft. to 30ft. wide Tenochtitlan – Chinampas of maize, squash, & beans Aztec Medicine Aztec doctors made more than 1,000 medicines from plants. Also set broken bones and practiced dentistry. Aztec Writing Aztec Math Aztec Codex (15c Manuscript) Aztec Sun Stone -Calendar The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors Aztec Gold Aztec Trading Aztec Collapse Montezuma II Aztec Ruler 1519 Hernan Cortes formed an alliance with the peasants and defeated the Aztecs in 1521 A.D. 1200 - A.D.1535 Lands of the Incas Cuzco: Ancient Capital of the Inca Stone Architecture with no mortar or cement. Architecture Stonework and earthquake proof structures – trapezoid doors and windows & walls tilted in at 80 degrees instead of 90 degree straight walls. Machu Picchu: rediscovered 1911 This city is built into the mountainside with over 3,000 steps connecting the different levels of the city. Machu Picchu Incan Religion Many Gods Human Sacrifice Inti – god of sun: most important god Viracocha – god of Andes people Incan Road System 15,000 miles of roads. Runners used to relay messages over vast empire. Incan Suspension Bridges Incan Terrace Farming Incan Digging Sticks Maize in Incan Pottery & Gold Work Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Cultivated by the Incans Produce from a Typical Incan Market Peppers, Tomatoes, Peanuts Incan Ceramic Jars Peanut Cacao God Potato Cacao Pod Squash Incan Aqueducts The Quipu: An Incan Data Collecting Method Inca Gold & Silver Incan Collapse: 1535 Francisco Pizarro – Guns, cannons, and horses – European diseases Incan Mummies The End