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Early Human Migrations Mesoamerican Civilization Mesoamerican: A term meaning the region of Mexico and Central America. Andean: A term meaning ancient civilizations of the Andes mountains in South America. (Incas) Olmec- Civilization prior to Mayas (1200400BCE) Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations Lands of the Mayans The Yucatan Peninsula Chichen-Itza - Pyramid -Typical Mayan Architecture. Flat top Pyramids used for elaborate religious rituals -Built without the use of the wheel! Levers and manpower. Chichen-Itza -Observatory -Pyramids were also important politically. “Sacred Mountains” reaching into the heavens. -Rulers and other elites served as priests, projecting both secular and religious power. Examples of this? Mayan Calendar -Shows advanced mathematics and writing. -Complex calendar integrating three dating systems. -Ritual Cycle (260 days) -Solar Calendar (365 days) -Long Count (Since 3114 BCE) -End of the world!!!!! (2012 Long Count) Mayan Glyphs sky king house Mayan Mathematics child city Mayan Glyphs -Mayan Religion -Polytheistic -Included ritual sacrifice -Warfare was infused with religious ceremonies. Captives from war were sacrificed. Quetzalcoatl: God of arts and agriculture Chichen-Itza - Ball Court -Mesoamerican Civilization played an ancient ‘ball-game’. -Some evidence suggests that the losers were sacrificed and that the game may have been played with a human head. Mayan Cultivation of Maize Mayan Underground Granaries: Chultunes Mayan Drinking Cup for Chocolate Overview of Tikal (Guatemala) Tikal Jungle View at Sunset Tikal - Main Court Tikal: Temple of the Masks Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain God Lands of the Aztecs Aztec View of Tenochtitlan Located in modern day Mexico (near Mexico City) Capital of Aztec society. At its zenith, up to 500,000 people lived in and around Tenochtitlan. Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas Notice canals intersecting at right angles. Aztec Agriculture: Chinampas Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden: 15ft. to 30ft. wide Floating gardens made by piling river mud onto a bed of reeds. Allowed for year round agriculture. How does this compare to other forms of agriculture? Theme? Aztec Political System -Monarchial system similar to other Mesoamerican states. -Rule was not hereditary, kings were selected by nobility. -Once a ruler was selected, had to demonstrate legitimacy through war and territorial conquest. The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors -Like the Maya war was infused with religious rituals. -Tribute System: Would conquer neighboring peoples for goods and food. This enabled the Maya to support a growing capital. (Who does this remind us of?) Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God -Aztecs increased sacrifice on a dramatic scale. -Used as both a religious ritual and a warning to those who would threaten the power of the ruling class. Heart Sacrifice on an Aztec Temple Pyramid Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan Aztec Gold - By 1500 CE Aztec society was characterized by great social inequality. -Through conquest elites amassed fortunes and gold King Montezuma ‘would not touch the ground’. -Spanish conquistadors believed this was a ‘land of gold’. Aztec Writing Aztec Math Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar Aztec Sun Motifs Lands of the Incas Cuzco: Ancient Capital of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level) Machu Picchu Machu Picchu Incan Suspension Bridges Incan Terrace Farming Where else have we seen this? Maize in Incan Pottery & Gold Work Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Cultivated by the Incans Incan Ceramic Jars Peanut Cacao God Potato Cacao Pod Squash The Quipu: An Incan Database Incan Mummies Inca Gold & Silver