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Transcript
Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 Organization I. Course Overview A. Semester 2 Policy handout. B. System approach Form (anatomy) and function (physiology). 1. Greek and Latin inclusion. a. The various disciplines of science are named with words of various Greek and Latin origin. 1) Biology - The study of Life. Including Zoology and Botany. 2) Morphology The study of form and structure. (could be life or non) a) Anatomy - generally referring to organisms i. Macroanatomy - macro = large (see with naked eye) ii. Histology = study of tissues iii. cytology = study of cells 3) Physiology - The study of function 4) Others: Biochemistry, psychology, pathology (study of disease) Genetics (beginnings i.e., Genesis). b. Systemspecific word lists. 2. Function and Form are interrelated. 3. The body systems: skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, circulatory (including immune), urinary, reproductive (or urogenital), endocrine, integumentary. See Table 1-2, page 9 Organ Systems a. We will look at most if not all of these "systems" but may combine a few and call it one "system". II. The Plan of the Human Body A. Structural organization 1. Cells: specialization 2. Tissues.- Four types a. Epithelial covers and protects surfaces b. Connective joins various parts and provides support. c. Muscular allows movement d. Nervous responds to stimuli and cordinates bodily activity. 3. Organs and organ systems 4. Organism B. Anatomical reference systems 1. Direction a. anterior (ventral)/posterior(dorsal ) b. superior (cranial)/inferior (caudal) c. medial/lateral reference to midline of the body d. proximal/distal reference to the point of attachment e. parietal/visceral parietal = pertains to the outer layer or wall visceral = covering of an organ 2. Planes of Sections a. sagittal = any verticle plane making left and right portions Coronal = Frontal b. midsagittal = midline plane making equal right and left portions c. frontal (coronal) = division of the body into anterior/posterior sections. d. transverse = division of the body into superior and inferior sections. 3. Cavities a. dorsal cavity - brain and spinal cord b. ventral cavity 1) thoracic = lungs and the heart 2) abdominal = the viscera (guts) = digestive organs, kidneys and spleen a) pelvic cavity = bladder, reproductive organs III. An introduction to scientific terminology. A. Word roots: In the word "speaker", speakis the word root. In the word "cytology", cyt- is the word root. B. Combining vowel: We combine speed and meter but we call it speedometer. The vowel, "o" combines the two roots. This was done to help pronunciation. C. Combining formthe root and combining vowel Assignment: Word origins - Introduction Word + Combining = Combining root form vowel speedthermphon- o o o speed-o therm-o phon-o D. The suffix: a syllable or syllables added at the end of the word root or combining form to change the meaning of the root, give it grammatical function, or to form a new word. cyt- ology = the study of cells (verb) cytolog ist = one who specializes in the study of cells E. The prefix: a syllable or syllables placed before the word to alter its meaning or create a new word. side, out-side, in-side Examples of the above elements combined: autobiographical auto-bi-o-graph-ic-al auto: prefix bi: word root o: combining vowel graph: word root ic: suffix al: suffix IV. Cells, the basic unit of life. Cytology. (Chapter 3, Wingerd) A. Functions (in addition to basic process of life) 1. Special functions discussed later ( nerve cells, muscle, etc.) 2. Transportation through cell membranes. a. Physical Processes - Movement from high concentration to low 1) Diffusion = the spreading out of particles by random molecular motion. a) examples: v Oxygen and Carbon dioxide between air and blood v molecules between blood and extracellular areas in tissues v molcules between the cells and extracellular areas b) rate of diffusion v drops dramatically as the distance increases (10 mm in 15 ms, size of basketball in 256 days for oxygen) v varies with material (10 mm in 3.5 sec. for glucose) v varies with membrane permeability (ability of membrane to allow materials to pass through it) 2) Osmosis = diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane. One that does not let all solute in the solvent through it. a) The driving force is the difference in solvent concentrations. This difference creates osmotic pressure. b) Solution concentrations determine osmotic pressure. c) Terminology in reference to cells isotonic solution = same osmotic pressure as cell hypotonic solution = less than the cell hypertonic solution = more than the cell 3) Filtration = movement through a membrane due to mechanical pressure gradient. (occurrs in the kidney) 4) Facilitated diffusion = movement on proteins that have chemical binding sites. b. Physiological Processes 1) Active transport - movement against a concentration gradient a) requires the use of energy b) membrane is more one-directional otherwise diffusion would occur. c) sodium and potassium ions Na = 144 mmol/liter K = 4.4 mmol/l 3. Metabolic functions = All the chemical reactions inside the body. a. Background - basics of chemistry 1) atom = the smallest unit of an element able to exist alone 2) phases of matter = solid, liquid, and gas 3) chemical compounds = made up of molecules, have various proportions of atoms. 4) organic compounds = carbon-containing compounds a) carbohydrates = sugars and starches b) lipids = fats, oils, waxes, and steroids c) proteins = long chains of amino acids d) nucleic acids = DNA (double strand) and RNA (single strand) 4) mixture = The physical combination of substances where the substances do not lose their identity. 5) catalyst = speeds the rate of a reaction without being part of it 6) enzyme = an organic catalyst 7) solute, solvent, solution b. Energy Exchange (absorption or release) 1) synthesis = two or more substances combine to make a new substance A + B ----> AB 1)) Biological synthesis = anabolism 2) decomposition = breakdown of complex substances AB -----> A + B a) hydrolysis = water breaking b) Biological decomposition = catabolism 3) homeostasis = the tendency of the body to maintain constant conditions . a) feedback systems 1)) positive = disturbance causes increased disturbance ( blood clotting is one) 2)) negative = increased output results in decrease in input Thermostat example c. Steps of metabolism (in the cell = intracellular) step 1: absorption of organic substances into the cell step 2: catabolism, breakdown of the molecules to release energy glucose + oxygen with enzymes break down to CO2, water, and energy cellular respiration in the mitochondria step 3: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) transfers energy as ATP then released when broken down energy is in bonds 1)) Cell structures: asters, spindle= fibers on which chromosomes move, centrioles, chromatin = genetic material which stains easily step 4: DNA code transfered by RNA step 5: Anabolism - Protein synthesis on ribosomes. d. Cell growth and reproduction 1) Cell division whole body growth a) Mitosis 2)) Phases - IPMAT C. Specialization and Organization - Tissues 1. Epithelial = covering tissue which usuallly secretes, creates movement, and can repair itself very quickly. a. b. c. d. e. simple squamous stratified squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar ciliated 2. Connective = cells, fibers and proteins a. Loose b. Adipose (fat) c. Cartilage d. Fibrous e. Liquid (blood, lymph) f. Bone 3. Nervous a. neuron = nerve cell 1) Types a) sensory b) motor c) associative 4. Muscle Striated vs. smooth and voluntary vs. involuntary.