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King Cotton States’ rights Nullification Abolition Movement 2 The Industrial Revolution spread to the New England states in the early 1800s › Originally employing ‘mill girls’ in textile factories › Would quickly grow, expand, and affect other industries 3 The Growth of Industry was accompanied by improvements in transportation and communication › The Erie Canal › Steamboats › Railroads › Telegraph 4 Trade and industry in the North led to the growth of cities (urbanization) › Between 1820 and 1850 the population living in cities doubled › Would create a different lifestyle, as well as problems 5 6 The South was a completely agricultural economy In the North manufacturing and trade was the base for economy Trade and industry in the North led to the growth of cities (urbanization) › Northern business relied on technology and efficiency South relied on slave labor, remained very rural • The North and South were very different socially as well North More Northerners lived in cities › Tenements Worked for wages The North valued change, progress, and diversity North saw slavery as an evil South Lived in rural, spread out communities Made much of what they needed The South valued tradition South saw slavery as vital to their way of life Who? – Who was involved? When? – When did it happen? Where? – Where did it happen? What? – What happened? _________________________________________ Why? – Why did it happen? 10 In 1816 Congress passed a tariff (tax on imports) on British manufactured goods, and increased the tariff in 1824 and 1828 Industrialists in the North supported this tariff, but Southerners were very much against it. Why? Many Southerners believed states could nullify, or reject, laws passed by congress › John C. Calhoun › Supported States’ Rights › Especially if they thought it was unconstitutional or hurt the state › This is called Nullification Theory When congress passed a tariff in 1832, South Carolina declared it ‘null and void’ › They threatened to ‘secede,’ or withdraw, from the Union › This event is known as the ‘Nullification Crisis’ The Nullification Crisis was eventually resolved by Henry Clay, but the issue over States’ Rights would continue to divide the nation Unit 4 vocab Handout: Sectionalism Unit 4 notes Reading: Land of Cotton Q&A Story of Us: Division video questions 14 Explain the economic differences between the North and the South. Provide examples. 2. Why were improvements in transportation so essential for the North? What were two examples of these improvements? 3. Describe the relationship between cotton and slavery in the South 1. 15 What is a social movement? What is the purpose of a social movement? How do social movement’s create change? 16 The Abolition Movement was a social movement with the purpose of ending slavery in the U.S. › Supporters are called ‘abolitionists’ › Largest movements of the 1830s – 1850s › By 1836 there were over 500 abolitionist groups › By 1860 there were over 3 million ‘abolitionists’ 17 William L. Garrison was a leading abolitionist › Demanded immediate end to slavery › Published The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper › Formed the American Anti-Slavery Society › Had over 150,000 members 18 Frederick Douglass › An escaped slave › Published his autobiography in 1845 › His writing, firsthand experience, and speeches made him a leading abolitionist 19 As the abolition movement grew, Northern politicians felt pressure to pass anti-slavery laws In 1860 Abraham Lincoln (the anti-slavery candidate) would earn 1.8 million votes ____________________________________________________ Many Northerners supported, or at least tolerated, Slavery › The end of slavery would create competition for work › The Northern economy greatly benefitted from cheap cotton Southerners were outraged by abolitionists › Abolition of slavery threatened their entire way of life 20 In 1851 Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin › Described the cruelties of Slave life in the South › Became a bestseller › Raised awareness about the issue › Outraged the South, who accused her of writing lies Dred Scott decision 1857 John Brown’s Raid 1859 Increased Northern Increased Southern fears opposition to slavery of slave rebellions Deprived free African United white southerners in Americans of citizenship if support of slavery they were descendants of May have speeded the slaves coming of the Civil War Increased tension between North and South Further divided Democratic Party “I have no purpose to introduce political and social equality between the white and black races. There is a physical difference between the two…I agree with Judge Douglas that the Negro is not my equal in many respects – certainly not in color, perhaps not in moral or intellectual endowment.” -Abraham Lincoln In 1858, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas held a series of debates for the US Senate › Known as the Lincoln-Douglas debates › Representing Illinois “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the union to be dissolved – I do not expect the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other.” This quote suggested that Lincoln didn’t want to only prevent the spread of slavery Slave holders were convinced Lincoln was an abolitionists Brought Lincoln national attention He received the Republican Party nomination for President Candidates Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrats) › Supported Popular Sovereignty in territories John Breckinridge (Southern Democrats) › Believed Slavery should be allowed in any US territory, people could not vote to end slavery John Bell (Constitutional Union Party) › Purposely ignored the slavery issue Abraham Lincoln (Republican Party) › Opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, did not call for the abolition of slavery where it existed 26 Election results showed the divisions between North and South (Free/Slave) › Lincoln won with only 40% of popular vote › Received 180 electoral votes › Due in part to split in Democratic Party December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the U.S. › Due to the perception Lincoln wanted to abolish slavery › States in the Lower South followed “Do the people of the South really entertain fears that a Republican administration would interfere with their slaves, or with them about their slaves? If they do, I wish to assure you…that there is no cause for such fears.” -Abraham Lincoln In February 1861, the seven seceded states met to form a new nation The Confederate States of America › Chose Jefferson Davis as President The South The North Lincoln’s goal was to save the Union, it was not to abolish slavery › Lincoln recognized that most Northerners were not abolitionists › Also, he didn’t want to drive the border states to secession Would need to invade the South The South’s goals were to remain independent with slavery and ‘States’ Rights’ Could fight a defensive war Believed Northerners would quickly tire of fighting and give up 30 The Union Strategy Invade the South to end rebellion Cut-off the South from the rest of the world › ‘Blockade’ Southern ports to prevent imports and exports Control the Mississippi to divide the Confederate States Called the ‘Anaconda Plan’ 31 The Confederate Strategy Win with superior soldiers and officers Receive foreign aid and support from nations who relied on Southern Cotton › Would essentially ‘blackmail’ France and Britain by stopping exports of cotton This was known as ‘Cotton Diplomacy’ 32 North South 33 Write: Name of battle, when, and where it happened pages: 364, 367, 368, 392 First Battle of Bull Run Battle of Shiloh Vicksburg New Orleans Second Battle of Bull Run Fredericksburg Chancellorsville Antietam Gettysburg Chickamauga Appomattox Atlanta Savannah 34 What were the goals of the Union and the Confederacy during the Civil War? 2. What were the strategies of the Union and Confederacy during the Civil War? 3. Compare and contrast the civilian and military leadership of the Union and Confederacy 1. 35 Anaconda plan Cotton diplomacy Embargo Stonewall Jackson* George McClellan* Ulysses S. Grant* Freedmen Conscription Copperheads Habeas corpus William Sherman* 36 On the handout there are 10 areas of comparison between the Union and Confederacy As a group, discuss the importance of each area of comparison as it relates to winning a civil war 37 Facilitator – your job is to ensure everyone has an opportunity to speak and that all ideas are considered General – after hearing and considering everyone’s ideas, ultimately it is your job to categorize the areas of comparison Commander – after hearing and considering everyone’s ideas, ultimately it is your job to assign points to the Union and Confederacy Presenter – It is your job to share with the class your groups decision for ranking areas of comparison, and the final score between Union and Confederacy As a group separate the 10 areas of comparison into 4 categories 1. Most important (1-5 points) 2. Very important (1-4 points) 3. Important (1-3 points) 4. Moderately important (1-2 points) As a group, assign points to the Union and Confederacy on each area of comparison 39 Read about the Goals and Strategies of the North and South (pg. 360-362) › Summarize the goals and strategies of the North › Summarize the goals and strategies of the South › Finally, try to predict how successful the strategies of the North and South will be at achieving their goals 40 What were the causes and effects of the Emancipation Proclamation 5. What effect did the Civil War have on the civilian population? 4. 41 During the war, slaves made important contributions to the South › Farm work provided food/supplies for Confederate armies › Released white male’s from labor to fight • As the Civil War went on, opinions about the goals of the war changed, but opinions about the emancipation of slaves was mixed 42 Originally Lincoln did not believe he had the constitutional authority to abolish slavery Gradually, others convinced him he could The assistance slavery gave the South to continue the war was a main factor in Abraham Lincoln emancipating African slaves 43 Emancipation Proclamation Freed slaves in all areas that were in rebellion against the United States Some abolitionists were upset it did not free all slaves Some northerners were angered, emancipation would create competition for work Ended South’s hope of British assistance Encouraged freedmen to join the Union army and navy 44 Unit 3 vocab. The Industrial North Q&A The Land of Cotton Q&A Unit 4 vocab. Goals and Strategies of the Union and Confederacy Fighting Erupts Q&A 45 Women in the North and South contributed to the war effort in many ways › Took over farms, plantations, and businesses › Worked in factories › Thousands worked as nurses in hospitals and on battlefields 46 Hundreds of women disguised themselves as men and enlisted › Some served as spies 47 Civilians were very effected by shortages and high prices, especially in the South › In 1863, a confederate dollar was only worth 20 cents › Food riots took place in several southern cities › Thousands of soldiers deserted the military to take care of families › “poor men have been compelled to leave the army to come home to provide for their families. We are poor men and willing to defend our country but our families first.” 48 In April 1862, the Confederate Congress enacted the first draft in U.S. history › Extended volunteers’ enlistments for two years › Required three years service from white males aged 18-35 (later would become 17-50) › Wealthy slave holders were exempt, making many see the war as a ‘poor man’s war’ The Union added a draft in May 1863, but one could be excused with a $300 fee 49 Many Northern Democrats opposed Lincoln and emancipation and fueled an antiwar movement › They were known as Copperheads In response to antidraft riots and an antiwar movement President Lincoln suspended habeas corpus › Constitutional right of an arrested person to appear in court charged with a crime 50 At the beginning of the Civil War, what was the goal of the Union? What was there strategy to accomplish this goal? 2. At the beginning of the Civil War, what was the goal of the Confederacy? What was there strategy to accomplish this goal? 3. What were two important advantages of the Union during the Civil War? 4. What were two important advantages of the Confederacy during the Civil War? 1. 51 5. 6. 7. Besides abolishing slavery because it was wrong, what other important reason did Abraham Lincoln have for emancipating the slaves? What effect did the Emancipation Proclamation have on the outcome of the Civil War? What are two ways civilians were effected by the Civil War? 52 Read about The South After the War on page 403 Think about the challenges facing the country after the war Also, think about possible solutions the nation could come up with to overcome these challenges. 53 What did Reconstruction do? What did it fail to do? 7. How did society change during Reconstruction? 8. What problems developed during Reconstruction? 6. 54 Freedmen Conscription Copperheads Habeas corpus Freedmen’s Bureau Ten Percent Plan John Wilkes Booth* Andrew Johnson* Black Codes Ku Klux KIan 55 In Dec. 1863 Abraham Lincoln issued a Proclamation of Amnesty › Offered forgiveness for the rebellion to all Southerners (except high ranking officers) › Southerners had to take an oath of loyalty to the Union When 10% of a state’s population took the oath, the state could form a new government › Called the Ten Percent Plan 56 Opposition to Lincoln’s Plan Some claimed President Lincoln didn’t have authority to admit states Many others felt the plan was too lenient Three states would form new governments before Lincoln was assassinated, and all others had by the end of 1865 Lincoln’s Vice-President Andrew Johnson would secede Lincoln 57 President Johnson’s plan › Similar to Lincoln’s plan › White southerners needed to take oath of loyalty, repeal secession, abolish slavery › Restored rights to white southerners 58 Most White Southerners supported Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction › Relieved he did not intend to punish them › Happy he let them form their own governments under their own terms › President Johnson pardoned nearly every former Confederate leaders, which allowed them to be elected in new State governments › “White men alone must manage the South.” -President Andrew Johnson 59 However, Northern Republicans in Congress would overpower Johnson and take control of Reconstruction › Wanted to block former Confederates from returning to power › Wanted to ensure African Americans had economic opportunities and political equality 60 Freedmen’s Bureau Black Codes Helped find jobs for Forced African Americans African Americans to sign 1-year work contracts Built schools and hospitals throughout Could not be hired while South under contract Helped protect rights of Could be arrested for not African Americans signing or leaving contract Some could not rent 13Th Amendment property in cities/towns Abolished slavery in the Some could not own guns United States White employers could whip black employees 61 14th Amendment Black Codes Citizenship granted to Limited freedom of African Americans speech/travel States can’t make laws Denied right to vote of that deprive rights of African Americans citizens Prevented Blacks from All citizens must be testifying against Whites in court given equal protection of the laws Ku Klux Klan Used threats/violence to 15th Amendment prevent African Americans from voting Citizens cannot be deprived of right to Beat and murdered Black vote on account of leaders and White race supporters of Reconstruction 62 15th Amendment Citizens cannot be deprived of right to vote on account of race Voting Restrictions Poll taxes prevented many African Americans from voting Southern States installed ‘Grandfather Clauses’ to prevent African Americans from voting Southern Homestead Act Sharecropping African Americans could Millions of acres of free not afford farming farmland set aside for materials African Americans Sharecropping created a cycle of debt and dependence 63 During Reconstruction, Congress passed legislation designed to help African Americans › While many of these laws had little immediate effects in the South, they would assist African Americans in achieving rights later 64 Reconstruction Acts 1867 Divided South into 5 military districts To be admitted State’s had to: › Ratify 14th Amendment › Guarantee freedmen right to vote › Form new state governments elected by all male citizens, including African Americans 65 By 1870 all of the Confederate states had rejoined the Union Reconstruction ended in 1877 after Southern Democrat Samuel J. Tiden was almost elected President Removed Federal troops from Southern States 66 Following Reconstruction, African Americans lost nearly all the rights they had gained › Would be kept from voting, making it difficult to improve their standing Southern States would pass laws that segregated African Americans in public places › African-Americans would challenge these laws in the Supreme Court 67 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court ruled public facilities could be separated by race, as long as the facilities were equal Known as ‘separate but equal’ clause Allowed for legal discrimination 68