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AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA Beginning in 1867 and continuing through the century, global competition caused the United States to expand. Imperialism: Policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. GLOBAL IMPERIALISM Imperialism was a trend around the world European nations were establishing colonies overseas for centuries. Britain controlled 25% of world’s land and people. Other nations wanted pieces for themselves. AFRICA AS A PRIME TARGET Rich in natural resources…provided new markets. Ethiopia and Liberia were the continents only independent nations. PARTITION OF AFRICA COMPETITION FOR ASIA Begins in late 15th Century in India with hopes of direct trade between Europe and Asia for spices. China 16th Century brings Jesuit missionaries. Western science is introduced and Chinese culture is learned. Merchants and the opium trade. SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN CHINA EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN CHINA A shocked Mandarin in Manchu robe with Queen Victoria (UK) in background, with William II (Germany), Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France), and a Samurai (Japan). AMERICAN EXPANSIONISM New American Imperialism 1. 2. 3. Desire for military strength Thirst for new markets Belief in cultural superiority DESIRE FOR MILITARY STRENGTH Other nations were building a global military presence. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges government to build up navy. Construct modern battleships. THIRST FOR NEW MARKETS Technology produces surpluses Raw materials needed for factories New markets needed for agricultural and manufactured goods Could foreign trade help with overproduction and problems of unemployment and economic depression? Imperialists thought so… BELIEF IN CULTURAL SUPERIORITY Combination of Social Darwinism and racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons. THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN SEWARD’S FOLLY William Seward, Sec. of State under Lincoln and Johnson. Bought Alaska from Russians in 1867 for $7.2 million. 2 cents an acre gave us land rich in timber, minerals, and oil. HAWAII Midway Islands, 1867. Hawaii was an important stop on way to China and East India. American-owned sugar plantations made up 75% of island’s wealth. McKinley Tariff of 1890…cries for annexation. END OF A MONARCHY Queen Liliuokalani Revolution led by marines overthrew the queen. President Cleveland refused to annex unless a majority of Hawaiians favored it. McKinley replaces Cleveland in 1897 and proclaimed Hawaii a territory. THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR US Troops Near Manila THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR In 1898, the United States went to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain. US involvement in Latin America and Asia increased greatly as a result of the war and continues today. AMERICAN INTEREST IN CUBA 90 miles south of Miami. 1854, diplomats suggest US purchase Cuba from Spain. Cuban revolt against Spain in 1868 and 1878 Slavery abolished Americans invest in sugar cane JOSE MARTI Cuban poet and journalist Launches revolution from exile in NY, 1895 Guerilla campaign American public opinion split WAR FEVER Spanish General Valeriano Weyler sent to restore order. Headline Wars William Randolph Hearst vs. Joseph Pulitzer Yellow Journalism THE DE LOME LETTER McKinley tries diplomacy. Seems to work at first. Spanish Minister to the US, De Lome criticized McKinley for being “weak”. Letter was leaked to the press. America gets angry over insult to their President THE USS MAINE EXPLODES American are outraged with Spain by now. U.S.S. Maine sent to Cuba to pick up American citizens and to protect property. Feb. 15, 1898 the ship blew up in Havana harbor. HEARST’S NEW YORK JOURNAL “The warship Maine was split in two by an enemy’s secret infernal machine.” “REMEMBER THE MAINE” Despite Spanish concessions, public opinion favored war. (4-20-1898) War in the Philippines War in the Caribbean Commodore George Dewey SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR ROUGH RIDERS Forces land in Cuba and converge on port city of Santiago. Volunteer cavalry under command of T. Roosevelt and Leonard Wood. San Juan Hill Rough Riders Two African-American Regiments ROUGH RIDERS “San Juan was the greatest day of my life.” T.R. TREATY OF PARIS Cease-Fire agreement August 12, 1898. Meet in Paris December 10, 1898 to sign treaty. Spain freed Cuba Spain turns over Guam and Puerto Rico to US Spain sells Philippines to the US for $20 million. NEW LANDS FOR AMERICA Cuba Puerto Rico Military Occupation Foraker Act (1900) Philippines Emilio Aquinaldo Philippine-American War (1899) Platt Amendment (1901) Added to new Cuban Constitution Cuba could not make treaties that would limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory. The U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba Cuba was not to go into debt. The U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations. THE “SICK MAN OF ASIA” China carved into “spheres of influence”. U.S. Sec. of State John Hay issued a policy statement in 1899 called the Open Door Notes. (1) (2) Give all nations equal access to trade in China Prevent the political takeover of China by any one foreign power. THE BOXER REBELLION The Boxers murdered hundreds of missionaries and converts. A Chinese nationalist rebellion was put down by the combined forces of Great Britain, Russia, France, Japan and the US, which furnished 2,500 troops. SECOND SERIES OF OPEN DOOR NOTES The U.S. would “safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire” --John Hay America as a World Power ROOSEVELT’S FOREIGN POLICY “In foreign affairs the principle from which we never deviated was to have the Nation behave toward other nations precisely as a strong, honorable, and upright man behaves in dealing with his fellow-men…it is folly of the criminal type for the Nation not to keep up its navy, not to fortify its vital strategic points, and not to provide an adequate army for its needs.” ROOSEVELT COROLLARY Monroe Doctrine (1823) European Nations should stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, particularly Latin American Nations. Roosevelt Corollary states that disorder in Latin America might “force the U.S….to the exercise of an international police power.” PANAMA CANAL More than 43,000 workers More than 5600 die Total Cost for U.S. is $380 million PANAMA CANAL LOCKS DOLLAR DIPLOMACY U.S. policy of using the nation’s economic power to exert influence over other countries. Nicaragua (1911) President Taft MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY Wilson’s policy of missionary diplomacy pressures nations in the Western Hemisphere to establish democratic government. Wilson refuses to recognize governments that come to power through violence. WWI BEGINS CAUSES OF WWI 1. 2. 3. NATIONALISM! IMPERIALISM! MILITARISM! NATIONALISM A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation. Leads to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations. Ethnic groups resent domination. IMPERIALISM Britain and France had built large empires in late 19th and early 20th centuries. Germany joins in the scramble for colonies leading to conflict among imperial nations. MILITARISM The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy. The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending. 1890, strongest nation in Europe is Germany. ALLIANCE SYSTEM Triple Entente: (Allies) •France •Britain •Russia Triple Alliance: •Germany •Austria-Hungary •Italy THE “POWDER KEG OF EUROPE” Balkan Peninsula •Ethnic Rivalries •Russia wants access to Mediterranean Sea •Germany wants a rail Line to Ottoman Empire •Austria-Hungary controls Bosnia ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, visits Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, assassinates Ferdinand and wife Sophie. Black Hand (Organization promoting Serbian nationalism) THE POWDER KEG OF EUROPE. Black Hand’s goals included detaching Bosnia from AustriaHungary and attaching it to Serbia. ALLIANCE SYSTEM INTENSIFIES CONFLICT Germany 1 August 1914, obligated by treaty to support Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia. 3 August 1914, Germany declared war on Russia’s ally France. Britain Declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary after Germany invaded Belgium. THE FIGHTING BEGINS Schlieffen Plan Hold Russia, while driving through Belgium to Paris, France. After France had fallen, the two German armies would defeat Russia. TRENCH WARFARE Belgium is a loss, so the Allies retreated to the Marne River in France where they halted the German advance in September. Both armies dig in with two parallel systems of deep, rat-infested trenches across France from Belgian coast to Swiss Alps. Front line, support, and reserve trenches. LIFE IN THE TRENCHES “NO MAN’S LAND” Area between the trenches. Barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire. When soldiers charged enemy lines, they would be mowed down by machine gun fire. AMERICANS QUESTION NEUTRALITY Public opinion is strong, but divided. Socialists call the war a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England to control markets and colonies. Pacifists thought war was evil. Naturalized citizens follow the events of the war closely. AMERICANS QUESTION NEUTRALITY America’s economic ties were stronger with the Allies. Before the war, trade with Britain and France was double that with Germany. First two years of the war, the Allies flooded American manufacturers with orders for war supplies. THE WAR HITS HOME By 1917, Americans mobilized for war 1. 2. The British Blockade To Ensure Allied repayment of debts to the U.S. To prevent Germans from threatening U.S. shipping Blockade German coast U.S. ships did not challenge blockade Famine strikes Germany in 1917 German U-Boat Response Any ship in the waters around Britain would be sunk British liner Lusitania (May 7, 1915) U.S. DECLARES WAR 1916, Wilson is reelected: “He kept us out of war” Tries to mediate peace among nations German Provocation Ignore Wilson and resume unrestricted submarine warfare Zimmerman Note ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST GERMANY Democratic newspapers called for war, stating, "The only difference between war and what we have now is that we are not fighting back." 2 April - Wilson asked a special session of Congress for a declaration of war against Germany DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST GERMANY Woodrow Wilson’s War Resolution (April 2, 1917) “Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people cannot be. The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind…We are glad…to fight…for the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples…The world must be made safe for democracy….we have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities…It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war…But the right is more precious than peace.” YOU HAVE THIS READING! AMERICAN POWER TIPS THE BALANCE U.S. was not prepared for war. Raising an army Selective Service Act Requires men between 21 and 30 years old to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. By 1918; 24 million register, 2 million get called up. MASS PRODUCTION Needed to find a way to transport men, food, and equipment over thousands of miles of ocean. 1. 2. 3. 4. Shipyard workers given deferments. Emphasized importance of shipyard workers. Shipyards used prefabricated techniques. Government took over commercial and private ships. AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE Convoy System Heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups. 230 mile barrier of mines across the North Sea Fighting in Europe U.S. troops are a fresh and enthusiastic addition to Allied troops that were worn out from 2.5 years of fighting. GEN. JOHN J. PERSHING Gen. John J. “Black Jack” Pershing , commander of American Expeditionary Force (AEF ), which supported the French and British but not integrated into their forces, remaining separate. Infantrymen were nicknamed “doughboys” TECHNOLOGY AT WAR Machine Guns Airships and Airplanes Tanks Observation Balloons Poison Gas Eddie Rickenbacker The “Red Baron” AMERICA ON THE OFFENSIVE Russia pulled out of war in 1917 and Germany shifts armies from eastern front to western front in France. Get within 50 miles of France. The Lost Battalion (Argonne Forest) ALVIN YORK Meuse-Argonne area TN mountaineer and blacksmith Conscientious Objector October 18, 1918 Armed with a rifle and revolver, kills 25 Germans, and with 6 doughboys, captures 132 prisoners. THE WAR AT HOME The entire economy had to be refocused on the war effort. Shift from consumer goods to war supplies. Power of government is greatly expanded. The Profits of War and Why Not a Dollar Draft Readings!! WAR ECONOMY War Industries Board War Economy Wages rose, but food and housing prices also rose. Corporations saw huge profits National War Labor Board (1918) Food Administration Encourages mass-production techniques (efficiency) Standardized products Retail prices soar Herbert Hoover “Meatless, Sweetless, Wheatless, and Porkless” Victory gardens War Financing U.S. spent $35 billion on war effort 1/3 raised through taxes Sold “Liberty Loans” and “Victory Loans” PROPAGANDA The Committee on Public Information Created thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. Use emotional appeal, symbols, and/or slogans to get message across. Pamphlets, books, and leaflets. “Four-Minute Men” THE MOST FAMOUS RECRUITMENT POSTER War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: UNCLE SAM…HE THE MAN! War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: DON’T MESS WITH THE U.S.! War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: ” HUNS KILL WOMEN AND CHILDREN! War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: AMERICAN RED CROSS War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: U.S. FOOD ADMINISTRATION War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan” U.S. FOOD ADMINISTRATION War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: U.S. SHIPPING BOARD War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: MUNITIONS WORK War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: THE GIRLS THEY LEFT BEHIND DO THEIR BIT War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE WAR War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: LIBERTY BONDS War Aim: Appeal, Symbol, Slogan: ATTACKS ON CIVIL LIBERTIES Anti-Immigrant Hysteria Mostly those from Germany & Austria-Hungary Espionage and Sedition Acts A person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or war effort. Schenck vs. United States AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE WAR W.E.B. DuBois Great Migration From South to Northern cities Escape racial discrimination South’s cotton fields destroyed Job opportunities WOMEN AND THE WAR Moved into jobs held by men. Volunteered for Red Cross or encouraged the sale of bonds and the planting of victory gardens. Peace Movements (Jane Addams) FLU EPIDEMIC 1918 Affects 25% of U.S. and has a devastating effect on the economy Spread rapidly in the Army Kills 25-30 million worldwide GERMAN COLLAPSE Austria-Hungary surrender Nov. 3, 1918 German sailors mutinied same day Nov. 9, 1918; socialist leaders in Berlin establish a German republic and the kaiser gave up the throne. 11/11/11 Armistice (truce to end war)…German cease-fire THE FINAL TOLL 22 million deaths, more than half were civilians 20 million wounded 10 million refugees $338 billion THE ALLIES MEET AT VERSAILLES The Big Four meet at Versailles to decide the fate of Europe. Woodrow Wilson U.S. 2. Georges Clemenceau France 3. David Lloyd George Great Britain 4. Vittorio Orlando Italy Neither Germany nor Russia were represented. 1. FOURTEEN POINTS B. Wilson’s Plan for Peace 1. End Secret Treaties 2. Freedom of the Seas 3. Free Trade 4. Reduction of Arms 6-13. Changing Boundaries & creating new nations. Self –Determination. #14: A League of Nations. A general association of nations to oversee a new world order, guaranteeing political independence and territorial integrity to all nations. All members had an equal voice. A Council made up of Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the U.S. Four other nations would be elected by the Assembly. TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1. Signed on June 28,1919 by the Allied powers and Germany 2. Created the League of Nations. 3. Article 231 “war guilt clause” Germany to pay war reparations to the Allies. $56 billion. 4. Germany’s territories to be declared mandates TREATY OF VERSAILLES Creation of new nations. A. From Austria-Hungary: Czechlosavakia, Yugoslavia parts to Poland and Romania. B. Ottoman: Palestine, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. C. Russia: Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland. EUROPE BEFORE & AFTER THE WAR