Download Cell Respiration Study Guide

Cell Respiration Study Guide
I. Energy is the capacity to do work
1. Define energy
2. Organisms and cells get their energy to do work from ________________
3. How do heterotrophs obtain their energy?
4. How do autotrophs obtain their energy?
5. When you move a table from end of the room to the other end, what was performed?
What was utilized?
6. In the process of digestion, list the four major biological organic compounds and what
they are broken down into.
7. Maintaining body temperature, transmitting nerve impulses, movement of cilia, and
bioluminescence are various activities of organisms. What requirement do these activities
have in common?
Fill in the blanks
In order to do biological work, the cells of organisms need a steady supply of
______________. All the energy needed for life processes is obtained from
____________. By the time ingested food reaches your _____________________,
It has been broken down into ________________ molecules that are small enough to
enter cells. Cell ________________ then break down the food molecules,
______________ energy. All the available energy cannot be used at once without
_________________ the cell. Thus the energy released is divided up into little packets of
energy as ___________ molecules.
II. The two basic forms of energy
1. What are the two basic forms of energy?
2. Define kinetic energy and give two examples
3. Define potential energy
4. What type of kinetic energy cannot be used for work by a cell?
5. Define chemical energy
6. Why is chemical energy the most important energy for cells?
7. A boulder rolling down a hill is an example of a change from _____________ energy
to __________________ energy
8. Which phrase represents water that has potential energy?
a. A stream turning a water wheel
b. Waves crashing onto a rocky shore
c. A river passing through a hydroelectric power plant
d. Water spilling over a waterfall
e. Water molecules in a rain cloud
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9. Which situation exemplifies a decrease in potential energy?
a. Burning a sparkler
b. A plant synthesizing glucose from carbon dioxide and water
c. Going from the ground floor to the 10th floor in an elevator
d. Climb to the top of a water slide
e. Brewing your morning cup of coffee
III. Laws of thermodynamics
1. What is thermodynamics?
2. Describe the first law of thermodynamics and use photosynthesis as an example to
demonstrate this law
3. Describe the second law of thermodynamics
4. Can cells convert or transform energy with 100% efficiency?
5. Some of the energy during a conversion escapes as what?
6. Can cells use thermal energy to perform work?
7. How do cells use thermal energy?
8. Can energy be recycled? Using the second law of thermodynamics explain your
answer.
9. What is entropy?
10. The study of energy transformations is called
a. Quantum mechanics
b. Cytology
c. Kinesiology
d. Thermodynamics
e. Enzyme kinetics
11. Although energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can be changed from one
form to another. This is a statement of the ___________________________
12. Which statement is not true about energy conversions?
a. Some useful energy always dissipates into the surrounding as heat
b. The total energy of the system and surrounding remain constant
c. The potential energy of a system always remains constant after an energy
conversion.
13. Our bodies convert food to energy at less than 100 percent efficiency. This is an
illustration of:
a. Decreasing entropy
b. The second law of thermodynamics
c. The first law of thermodynamics
d. Changing kinetic energy into potential energy
e. The inefficiency of uncatalyzed reactions
14. Entropy would not increase in which situation?
a. An ice cube melts
b. Plants die due to drought
c. Salt is dissolved in water
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d. Boiling water evaporates
e. Plants make the sugar glucose
IV. Endergonic vs. exergonic reactions
1. Endergonic reactions require what?
2. In an Endergonic reaction, do the reactants or the products have more chemical
energy?
3. Is photosynthesis Endergonic or exergonic?
4. Are endergonic reactions catabolic or anabolic?
5. In an exergonic reaction, do the reactants have more or less chemical energy than the
products?
6. Is cell respiration an exergonic reaction or endergonic reaction?
7. Are exergonic reactions catabolic or anabolic?
8. Reaction that require a net input of energy are called ___________________
10. Which of the following are not true of exergonic reactions
a. Exergonic reactions usually result in a final state that has less potential energy
than the initial state
b. Exergonic reactions occur spontaneously
c. Exergonic reactions are catabolic
d. Exergonic reactions require a net input of energy
11. Which situation does not require an input of energy?
a. Making hot tea
b. A bird taking off in flight
c. Jogging eight times around the track
d. Leaves falling off a tree
e. Straightening your desk
V. ATP provides energy for cellular work
1. Why can’t the cell use glucose directly for energy?
2. What does the abbreviation ATP stand for?
3. Describe the structure of ATP
4. What is the source of energy in the ATP molecule?
5. What is the resulting molecule when ATP releases its energy?
6. What happens to the phosphate broken off ATP?
7. Describe three types of work that cells perform
8. How is ATP recycled?
9. How does a cell release energy?
10. Structurally, how are ADP and ATP similar? How are they different?
11. Which of the following is not part of ATP?
a. Glucose
b. Ribose
c. Adenine
d. Three phosphates
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e. Purine
12. Cells store energy when
a. The third phosphate group breaks off from ATP
b. They break down sucrose to glucose and fructose
c. A third phosphate group is bonded to an ADP molecule
d. Ions are released in the bloodstream
VI. Breathing
1. What occurs in breathing?
2. How does it differ from cell respiration?
3. How is breathing connected with cell respiration?
VII. Structure of mitochondria
1. Draw and label the parts of a mitochondria
2. List three stages of cell respiration and where they occur.
VIII. Cellular respiration converts energy stored in food to energy in ATP
1. Describe in general what happens in cell respiration
2. What are the reactants of cell respiration?
3. What are the products of cell respiration?
4. Approximately, how many ATP molecules are formed in cell respiration from one
molecule of glucose?
5. What is the efficiency of cell respiration?
6. What happens to the energy not converted into ATP?
7. Why don’t cells release the energy in glucose all at once?
8. What is the final molecule to accept electrons in cell respiration?
9. Write the general equation for cell respiration
IX. Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages
A. First stage
1. What is the first stage of cell respiration?
2. Where does it occur?
3. Does it require oxygen?
4. What is required to get Glycolysis started?
5. In glycolysis, what is glucose broken down into? How many?
6. What is produced during glycolysis?
7. At the end of glycolysis, what do you have?
8. How many total ATP molecules are produced? What is net gain?
9. Explain why glycolysis is thought to be the earliest form of cell respiration?
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10. What three carbon sugars is glucose split into after a series of chemical reactions
during glycolysis?
B. Second stage
1. What is the name of the second stage of cell respiration?
2. Where does it occur?
3. What does it complete?
4. What happens to pyruvic acid before it enters the Kreb cycle?
5. What is lost when pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA?
6. What else is formed during the conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl CoA? How many
per pyruvate? How many total?
7. From glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvic acid how many NADH molecules are
made per molecule of glucose?
8. For each acetyl CoA that enters the Kreb cycle, how many ATP molecules made? How
many NADH molecules are made? How many FADH2 molecules are made? How many
carbon dioxide molecules are made?
9. How many of the above are made for one glucose molecule?
10. When is carbon dioxide produced cell respiration?
C. Third stage
1. What is the name of the third stage?
2. Where does it occur?
3. What does it obtain from the Kreb cycle and glycolysis?
4. What is formed in the electron transport chain?
5. What is recycled back to Kreb cycle and glycolysis?
6. What process couples the diffusion of hydrogen ions to the formation of ATP?
Describe the process?
7. What is the final electron acceptor? What is the end product?
8. Write the balanced equation for cell respiration
9. Water is one of the final products of cell respiration. What is its origin?
a. Both its oxygen and its hydrogen’s come from glucose
b. Its oxygen comes from glucose and its hydrogen’s come from solution
c. Its hydrogen’s come from glucose and its oxygen ultimately comes from the air
d. Its oxygen comes from the air and the hydrogen’s come from solution
X. The result of cell respiration is to generate ATP for cellular work
1. How many ATP molecules can be made total from one glucose molecule?
2. How many ATP molecules can be made from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?
3. How many ATP molecules can be made from one glucose molecule in Kreb cycle?
4. How many ATP molecules can be made from one glucose molecule in ETC?
5. How many ATP molecules can be made without oxygen?
6. Most of the ATP generated by aerobic respiration is produced in the _______________
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XI. Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to aerobic respiration?
1. What process can make ATP without the presence of oxygen?
2. What is the only stage of respiration that fermentation utilizes?
3. What is the problem with only using glycolysis for ATP production?
4. How can you solve this problem?
5. Describe alcoholic fermentation?
6. Why is alcoholic fermentation inefficient?
7. Describe lactic acid fermentation
8. Is fermentation an aerobic or anaerobic process?
9. Does fermentation require oxygen?
10. How does fermentation allow glycolysis to keep going?
11. How much energy is produced in fermentation?
12. What is the cause of muscle burning after heavy exercise?
13. What organism uses alcoholic fermentation?
14. What causes dough to rise?
15. What causes the air space in bread?
16. How is wine made?
17. What is the chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation? Alcoholic fermentation?
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