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Copyright Warning No part of this software may be reproduced, in whole or in part, without the specific written permission of Victory Education Limited. All material is © copyright to Victory Education Limited. Users of this product will need to hold a valid license. The Skeletal Structure Physical Education Theory 4 Major Functions Shape and Support - This is our body's framework, it provides shape for our body, holds our vital organs in place and allows us to have a good posture. Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones which allow movement. The skeleton has a variety of different joints which allow a wide range of mobility. Protection - The skeletal structure protects our delicate organs. The Skull protects the Brain. Our Rib Cage protects the Heart and Lungs, and the Spinal Column protects the Spinal Cord. Blood Production - Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow found in bones such as the ribs, humerus and femur. Red cells carry oxygen to the muscles to enable them to work. They are red in colour because they carry Haemoglobin. White cells fight infection in the body. Blood is also made up of Plasma (Largest constituent of blood) and Platelets (Helps blood clot). Match the following bones with their function (Protection/Movement/Balance) Cranium Maxilla Mandible Ribs Sternum Scapula Clavicle Radius Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Pelvis Ilium Pubis Ishium Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Cranium – Protect brain Maxilla – Houses eyes and sinuses, protects against damage Mandible – Movement, talking/chewing Ribs – 12, Protect the heart and lungs Sternum – Protect the heart and lungs Scapula – Protects the lungs Clavicle – Holds shoulder in place Radius - Movement Humerus – Movement Ulna - Movement Carpals - Movement Metacarpals - Movement Phalanges – Movement Pelvis Ilium – Protects intestines Pubis – Forms front of pelvis. Has to separate slightly in childbirth Ishium – Forms the ‘boney bum’ Femur – Largest bone in the body, responsible for support and movement Patella – Protects the knee joint Tibia – Support and Movement Fibula – Support and Movement Tarsals – Bones of ankle and heel. Support and balance Metatarsals – Form the sole of the foot. Support and balance Phalanges – Support, movement and balance Main Bones Cheekbone Cervical vertebrae Collarbone Ribs Humerus Cranium Bone Upper Jaw Lower Jaw Sternum Collar bone Humerus Illiac fossa Lumbar vertebrae Radial Ulna Carpals Ischium Finger phalanges Femur Metarpals Radius Carpals Finger phalanges Hip joint Kneecap Fibula Tibia Toe phalanges Cuboid bone Toe phalanges Illiac fossa Ulna Metarpals Femur Fibular Tibia Calcaneus Ribs Lumber vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Sacrum Shoulder joint Calcaneus Bone Names 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Cervical Bone Collar Bone Ribs Humerus Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae Sacrum Carpals Ischium Finger Phalanges Femur Calcaneus Frontal Bone 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Nasal Bone Upper Jaw Lower Jaw Iliac Fossa Radial Ulna Metarpals Kneecap Tibia Fibula Cuboid Bone Toe Phalanges Remember where the bones are The Foot Phalanges - toes Metatarsals - foot Tarsals - ankle The Leg Fibula - small lower Tibia - large lower Patella - knee Femur - upper Pelvis - hip The Chest Sternum - breast Ribs - upper body Clavicle - collar Scapula - shoulder The Arm Radius - thumb side lower The Hand Ulna - finger side lower Humerus - upper Phalanges - fingers Metacarpals - hand Carpals - wrist bones The Spinal Cord The Spinal Cord is split into 5 different sections 1. The cervical spine (seven cervical vertebrae) 2. The thoracic spine (twelve thoracic vertebrae) 3. The lumbar spine (five lumbar vertebrae) Find out and name the 2 other sections! Vertebrae Cervical vertebrae – Small delicate bones responsible for neck movement (7) Thoracic vertebrae – Allow ribs to attach to the spine (12 one for each rib pair) Lumbar vertebrae – Largest bones of the vertebrae and are responsible for weight bearing (5) Sacrum (upper) and coccyx (lower) are a series of fused (joined) bones that help form the pelvis The Spinal Cord The Spinal Cord The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton consists of the following bones: Skull Rib cage Vertebrae Sternum Forms the base off which the rest of the body functions. Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic girdle Shoulder girdle Lower and upper limbs. Anatomical Position •Palms face forward •Body is upright •Thumbs pint outward – so radius and ulna are uncrossed •Face is forward •Why is it important to always talk about the position of organs, bones and muscles in or on the human body with respect to the anatomical position? Answer This allows everyone to talk from the same point of view regardless of their profession or level of expertise. Anatomical Terms Complete the blanks in your workbook plus the following below The hips are (superior/inferior) to the legs Fingers are at the (proximal/distal) part of the arm The legs are (medial/lateral) to the spine Toes are in the (proximal/distal) part of the leg The ribs are (anterior/posterior) to the spine The skull is (superior/inferior) to the feet The chest is (anterior/posterior) to the back The head is (superior/inferior) to the ribs The big toe is on the (medial/lateral) side of the foot The shoulder is (proximal/distal) to the arm Answers to anatomical names The head is superior to the rest of the body The chest muscles are on the anterior surface of the body The ears are position laterally on your head The spine is medial to your arms The toes are inferior to your head The hips are (superior/inferior) to the legs Fingers are at the (proximal/distal) part of the arm The legs are (medial/lateral) to the spine Toes are in the (proximal/distal) part of the leg The ribs are (anterior/posterior) to the spine The skull is (superior/inferior) to the feet The chest is (anterior/posterior) to the back The head is (superior/inferior) to the ribs The big toe is on the (medial/lateral) side of the foot The shoulder is (proximal/distal) to the arm Bone Classification There are over 200 main bones in the body and over 100 joints. There are four basic types of bones in the human body. Their size and composition are related to their different jobs. Long Bones (Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Tibia, Fibula) Function: Production of red and white blood cells, movement) Short Bones (carpals, tarsals) Function: Short or fine movements Flat Bones (The Scapula, Sternum, Patella and Skull, clavicle) Function: Protection and attachment Irregular Bones Function: Movement (Vertebrae, Metatarsals and Metacarpals) Classification of bones questions What do you notice about the location of most of the flat bones? Why might this be? What do you notice about the location of most of the long bones? Why might this be? Classification of bones answers What do you notice about the location of most of the flat bones? Why might this be? Located around the main organs – brain, heart. Provide protection What do you notice about the location of most of the long bones? Why might this be? Located in the legs and arms. These are the regions of most joints and therefore movement. Bone Classification The Femur is the longest bone in the body. It is stronger weight for weight than steel and is able to withstand forces of up to two tons per square inch when the body takes part in physical activity. Joints There are three categories of joint type in the body. They are classed according to the degree of movement possible. The three categories are: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous Synovial joints joints ( Immovable) (Slightly moveable) (Freely movable) Fibrous Joints These are non- movable. They are the result of tough fibrous tissue forming where the two bone ends meet. Function: Protection Example: Skull, Pelvis Cartilaginous These are slightly moveable they are result of cartilage forming in the joint where two bones meet. Function: Act as shock absorbers Example: Invertebral discs, ribs to sternum, where pubic bones meet Synovial • These are freely moveable joints. The only limitation in range of movement is as a result of bone shape at the joint and ligaments. Function: Provide movement Synovial Joint Most moving joints are Synovial Joints. They are very complex structures. The Bones are linked together by ligaments and allow a wide range of movements. They are not different joints to the others! Synovial joint Is the whole joint Synovial fluid Lubricates the joint Synovial Membrane Seals the joint Synovial Capsule Surrounds the joint to prevent leakage Example of a SYNOVIAL joint can be found at the elbow or knee joint (hinge - as seen in this diagram). Synovial Joints Movement of the skeleton is helped by joints. These are particularly helpful for sporting actions and activities. These can be separated into Six categories of joints. (We are going to focus on three) 1. Ball and Socket joint 2. Hinge joint 3. Gliding joint 4. Pivot joint 5. Condyloid 6. Saddle Ball and Socket Definition: The rounded head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped socket of another. Examples: are the hip (below) and shoulder joints. This joint allows the greatest range of movement. (SIDE TO SIDE – abduction/adduction, BACK AND FORWARD – extension/flexion, ROTATION) Femoral head Femoral neck Greater trochanter Ball and Socket The Shoulder Joint (Ball and Socket) Hinge Def: Two bones join in such a way that movement is possible only in one direction (usually right angles to the bone) Example: knee and elbow. Movement: Flexion/extension 1. If you move your hand towards and away from you. 2. If you move your leg as if you were about to kick a ball. You will find that the movement of the joint can only move in one direction, just like the hinge of a door! Elbow Anatomy Pivot Def: This joint is made when one bone twists against another(rotation is only possible) Example: spine. They also allow the head to turn, raise and lower. Extremely important for keeping balance and awareness. Gliding This type of joint has two surfaces which are flat and rub against each other. These small bones can move over one another to increase flexibility - the hands for example. As seen below. They are stopped from moving too far by strong ligaments. Types of Movement There are many types of movement that the skeleton and muscles can produce. The following are the most common: Flexion Extension Rotation Abduction Adduction Types of Movement Extension of a joint is where the joint is straightened. Ball and Socket and hinge are the main joint types that can produce this movement. Straightening the leg when running or striking a ball are examples of Extension at the knee - HINGE JOINT. Types of Movement The Rotation movement can occur at a Ball and Socket joint and a Pivot joint. A good example is turning the head side to side or the movement at the shoulder when swimming back crawl. Why can a rotation movement not occur at the knee? Types of Movement Abduction and Adduction movements can be produced by Ball and Socket joints. Abduction is where a limb moves away from the centre of the body. A Karate Kick is another good example of Adduction and Abduction. Can you think of anymore? Adduction is where the limb is moved towards the centre of the body. Connective tissue Joints are moved by muscles and bones. These are attached by Ligaments and Tendons. LIGAMENTS attach bone to bone. TENDONS attach muscle to bone. An example of Bones, ligaments and tendons used in the body is the knee joint (Hinge joint). Rotation movements can cause serious ligament damage in hinge joints. Hamstring Tendon Cartilage The surface of joints are also covered by Cartilage. Yellow Forms structure of nose and windpipe. White Stronger but less elastic. Acts as a shock absorber and can be found in between the vertebrae. Blue (Hyaline) Found at the very end of bones. Very smooth, reduces friction where surfaces rub together. Joints and Performance Injuries to joints can occur from: Over use (Too much training) Incorrect movement injuries (Wrong techniques) Impact or twisting (Twist of knee or elbow from a tackle or collision) Such injuries should be given plenty of time to heal to avoid permanent damage. Questions What are the four functions of the skeleton? Give an example of where the function of the skeleton plays a part in sport? Using the correct terminology can you name the movements used when performing a basketball free throw? What is the name of the longest bone in the body and where is it?