Download The Skeletal Structure

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The Skeletal Structure
Physical Education Theory
4 Major Functions
Shape and Support - This is our body's framework, it provides shape for our
body, holds our vital organs in place and allows us to have a good posture.
Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones which allow movement. The
skeleton has a variety of different joints which allow a wide range of mobility.
Protection -
The skeletal structure protects our delicate organs. The Skull protects
the Brain. Our Rib Cage protects the Heart and Lungs, and the Spinal Column protects
the Spinal Cord.
Blood Production - Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow
found in bones such as the ribs, humerus and femur. Red cells carry oxygen to the
muscles to enable them to work. They are red in colour because they carry
Haemoglobin. White cells fight infection in the body. Blood is also made up of Plasma
(Largest constituent of blood) and Platelets (Helps blood clot).
Match the following bones with
their function
(Protection/Movement/Balance)
Cranium
Maxilla
Mandible
Ribs
Sternum
Scapula
Clavicle
Radius
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Ilium
Pubis
Ishium
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Cranium – Protect brain
Maxilla – Houses eyes and sinuses, protects against
damage
Mandible – Movement, talking/chewing
Ribs – 12, Protect the heart and lungs
Sternum – Protect the heart and lungs
Scapula – Protects the lungs
Clavicle – Holds shoulder in place
Radius - Movement
Humerus – Movement
Ulna - Movement
Carpals - Movement
Metacarpals - Movement
Phalanges – Movement
Pelvis
Ilium – Protects intestines
Pubis – Forms front of pelvis. Has to separate
slightly in childbirth
Ishium – Forms the ‘boney bum’
Femur – Largest bone in the body, responsible for
support and movement
Patella – Protects the knee joint
Tibia – Support and Movement
Fibula – Support and Movement
Tarsals – Bones of ankle and heel. Support and
balance
Metatarsals – Form the sole of the foot. Support and
balance
Phalanges – Support, movement and balance
Main Bones
Cheekbone
Cervical vertebrae
Collarbone
Ribs
Humerus
Cranium
Bone
Upper Jaw
Lower Jaw
Sternum
Collar bone
Humerus
Illiac fossa
Lumbar vertebrae
Radial
Ulna
Carpals
Ischium
Finger phalanges
Femur
Metarpals
Radius
Carpals
Finger phalanges
Hip joint
Kneecap
Fibula
Tibia
Toe phalanges
Cuboid bone
Toe phalanges
Illiac fossa
Ulna
Metarpals
Femur
Fibular
Tibia
Calcaneus
Ribs
Lumber
vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Sacrum
Shoulder joint
Calcaneus
Bone Names
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Cervical Bone
Collar Bone
Ribs
Humerus
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacrum
Carpals
Ischium
Finger Phalanges
Femur
Calcaneus
Frontal Bone
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Nasal Bone
Upper Jaw
Lower Jaw
Iliac Fossa
Radial
Ulna
Metarpals
Kneecap
Tibia
Fibula
Cuboid Bone
Toe Phalanges
Remember where the bones are
The Foot
Phalanges - toes
Metatarsals - foot
Tarsals - ankle
The Leg
Fibula - small lower
Tibia - large lower
Patella - knee
Femur - upper
Pelvis - hip
The Chest
Sternum - breast
Ribs - upper body
Clavicle - collar
Scapula - shoulder
The Arm
Radius - thumb side lower
The Hand
Ulna - finger side lower
Humerus - upper
Phalanges - fingers
Metacarpals - hand
Carpals - wrist bones
The Spinal Cord
The Spinal Cord is split into 5 different sections
1. The cervical spine (seven cervical vertebrae)
2. The thoracic spine (twelve thoracic vertebrae)
3. The lumbar spine (five lumbar vertebrae)
Find out and name the 2 other sections!
Vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae – Small delicate bones responsible for
neck movement (7)
Thoracic vertebrae – Allow ribs to attach to the spine (12 one
for each rib pair)
Lumbar vertebrae – Largest bones of the vertebrae and are
responsible for weight bearing (5)
Sacrum (upper) and coccyx (lower) are a series of fused
(joined) bones that help form the pelvis
The Spinal Cord
The Spinal Cord
The Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton consists of the following
bones:
Skull
Rib cage
Vertebrae
Sternum
Forms the base off which the rest of the body
functions.
Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic girdle
Shoulder girdle
Lower and upper limbs.
Anatomical Position
•Palms face forward
•Body is upright
•Thumbs pint outward – so radius
and ulna are uncrossed
•Face is forward
•Why is it important to always talk
about the position of organs, bones
and muscles in or on the human
body with respect to the anatomical
position?
Answer
This allows everyone to talk from the same point of view
regardless of their profession or level of expertise.
Anatomical Terms
Complete the blanks in your workbook plus the following
below
The hips are (superior/inferior) to the legs
Fingers are at the (proximal/distal) part of the arm
The legs are (medial/lateral) to the spine
Toes are in the (proximal/distal) part of the leg
The ribs are (anterior/posterior) to the spine
The skull is (superior/inferior) to the feet
The chest is (anterior/posterior) to the back
The head is (superior/inferior) to the ribs
The big toe is on the (medial/lateral) side of the foot
The shoulder is (proximal/distal) to the arm
Answers to anatomical names
The head is superior to the rest of the body
The chest muscles are on the anterior surface of the body
The ears are position laterally on your head
The spine is medial to your arms
The toes are inferior to your head
The hips are (superior/inferior) to the legs
Fingers are at the (proximal/distal) part of the arm
The legs are (medial/lateral) to the spine
Toes are in the (proximal/distal) part of the leg
The ribs are (anterior/posterior) to the spine
The skull is (superior/inferior) to the feet
The chest is (anterior/posterior) to the back
The head is (superior/inferior) to the ribs
The big toe is on the (medial/lateral) side of the foot
The shoulder is (proximal/distal) to the arm
Bone Classification
There are over 200 main bones in the body and over 100
joints. There are four basic types of bones in the human
body. Their size and composition are related to their different
jobs.
Long Bones
(Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Tibia, Fibula)
Function: Production of red and white blood cells, movement)
Short Bones (carpals, tarsals)
Function: Short or fine movements
Flat Bones
(The Scapula, Sternum, Patella and Skull, clavicle)
Function: Protection and attachment
Irregular Bones
Function: Movement
(Vertebrae, Metatarsals and Metacarpals)
Classification of bones questions
What do you notice about the location of most of the flat
bones? Why might this be?
What do you notice about the location of most of the long
bones? Why might this be?
Classification of bones answers
What do you notice about the location of most of the flat
bones? Why might this be?
Located around the main organs – brain, heart.
Provide protection
What do you notice about the location of most of the long
bones? Why might this be?
Located in the legs and arms. These are the regions of most
joints and therefore movement.
Bone Classification
The Femur is the longest bone in the
body. It is stronger weight for weight than
steel and is able to withstand forces of
up to two tons per square inch when the
body takes part in physical activity.
Joints
There are three categories of joint type in the body. They are classed
according to the degree of movement possible.
The three categories are:
Fibrous
joints
Cartilaginous
Synovial
joints
joints
( Immovable)
(Slightly moveable)
(Freely movable)
Fibrous Joints
These are non- movable. They are the result of tough fibrous tissue forming where the two
bone ends meet.
Function: Protection
Example: Skull, Pelvis
Cartilaginous
These are slightly moveable they are result of cartilage
forming in the joint where two bones meet.
Function: Act as shock absorbers
Example: Invertebral discs, ribs to sternum, where pubic bones
meet
Synovial
•
These are freely moveable joints. The only limitation in range
of movement is as a result of bone shape at the joint and
ligaments.
Function: Provide movement
Synovial Joint
Most moving joints are Synovial Joints. They are very
complex structures. The Bones are linked together by
ligaments and allow a wide range of movements.
They are not different joints to the others!
Synovial joint
Is the whole joint
Synovial fluid
Lubricates the joint
Synovial Membrane
Seals the joint
Synovial Capsule
Surrounds the joint to
prevent leakage
Example of a SYNOVIAL joint can be found at the
elbow or knee joint (hinge - as seen in this diagram).
Synovial Joints
Movement of the skeleton is helped by joints. These are
particularly helpful for sporting actions and activities. These
can be separated into Six categories of joints.
(We are going to focus on three)
1. Ball and Socket joint
2. Hinge joint
3. Gliding joint
4. Pivot joint
5. Condyloid
6. Saddle
Ball and Socket
Definition: The rounded head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped
socket of another.
Examples: are the hip (below) and shoulder joints. This joint
allows the greatest range of movement. (SIDE TO SIDE –
abduction/adduction, BACK AND FORWARD –
extension/flexion, ROTATION)
Femoral
head
Femoral
neck
Greater
trochanter
Ball and Socket
The Shoulder Joint (Ball and Socket)
Hinge
Def: Two bones join in such a way that movement is possible
only in one direction (usually right angles to the bone)
Example: knee and elbow. Movement: Flexion/extension
1. If you move your hand towards and away from you.
2. If you move your leg as if you were about to kick a ball. You will
find that the movement of the joint can only move in one
direction, just like the hinge of a door!
Elbow Anatomy
Pivot
Def: This joint is made when one bone twists against
another(rotation is only possible)
Example: spine. They also allow the head to turn, raise and
lower. Extremely important for keeping balance and
awareness.
Gliding
This type of joint has two surfaces which are flat and rub
against each other. These small bones can move over one
another to increase flexibility - the hands for example. As
seen below. They are stopped from moving too far by strong
ligaments.
Types of Movement
There are many types of movement that the skeleton and
muscles can produce. The following are the most common:
Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Abduction
Adduction
Types of Movement
Extension of a joint is where the joint is straightened. Ball
and Socket and hinge are the main joint types that can
produce this movement.
Straightening the leg when running or
striking a ball are examples of Extension at
the knee - HINGE JOINT.
Types of Movement
The Rotation movement can occur at a Ball and Socket joint
and a Pivot joint. A good example is turning the head side to
side or the movement at the shoulder when swimming back
crawl.
Why can a rotation movement
not occur at the knee?
Types of Movement
Abduction and Adduction movements can be produced by
Ball and Socket joints. Abduction is where a limb moves
away from the centre of the body.
A Karate Kick is another good
example of Adduction and Abduction.
Can you think of anymore?
Adduction is where the limb is moved towards
the centre of the body.
Connective tissue
Joints are moved by muscles and bones. These are attached
by Ligaments and Tendons.
LIGAMENTS attach bone to bone.
TENDONS attach muscle to bone.
An example of Bones, ligaments and tendons
used in the body is the knee joint (Hinge joint).
Rotation movements can cause serious
ligament damage in hinge joints.
Hamstring
Tendon
Cartilage
The surface of joints are also covered by Cartilage.
Yellow
Forms structure of nose and
windpipe.
White
Stronger but less elastic. Acts
as a shock absorber and can be
found in between the vertebrae.
Blue (Hyaline)
Found at the very end of bones.
Very smooth, reduces friction
where surfaces rub together.
Joints and Performance
Injuries to joints can occur from:
Over use (Too much training)
Incorrect movement injuries (Wrong techniques)
Impact or twisting (Twist of knee or elbow from a tackle or collision)
Such injuries should be given plenty of time
to heal to avoid permanent damage.
Questions
What are the four functions of the skeleton?
Give an example of where the function of the skeleton plays
a part in sport?
Using the correct terminology can you name the movements
used when performing a basketball free throw?
What is the name of the longest bone in the body and where
is it?