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Reconstruction
Chapter 22
The Problems of Peace
Davis and fellow conspirators were
imprisoned and released in 2 years
Economy
-Major cities were destroyed
-Banks and businesses were closed
-Transportation was destroyed
Agriculture
-Cotton fields were burnt
The Problems of Peace
Slave labor collapsed
Animosity would still linger throughout both
regions
Should freedmen be given parcels of land,
or grants with which to buy it?
How far should the right to vote be
extended?
Could the Northern philosophy of wage
labor degenerate into a system that
resembled slavery in all but name?
And could blacks and whites peacefully
coexist in the first place?
Freedmen Define Freedom
Many blacks had to free themselves or
wait for the army to free them
Union soldiers trashed the South in some
instances
Many blacks changed their names
Black marriages were now seen as legal
Exodus of many Blacks
The Freedmen’s Bureau
Freedmen were relatively unskilled and
uneducated
Freedmen’s bureau-provided food,
clothing, medical care, and education
Headed by Oliver Howard
Was supposed to give 40 tracts of land
into blacks hand
People conspired to expel blacks and sign
unfair contracts of work
Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909) was a
career United States Army officer and a Union General in the
Oliver
American Howard
Civil War. He was a corps commander noted for suffering
two humiliating defeats, at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, but he
recovered from the setbacks while posted in the Western Theater,
and served there successfully as a corps and army commander.
After the war, he commanded troops in the West, conducting a
famous campaign against the Nez Perce tribe. He was instrumental
in the founding of Howard University.
Johnson: The Tailor President
Johnson- self made man
Democrat who was put on the ticket to
attract votes
State rights
From Tennessee but South hated him
Democrat who Republicans did not accept
Wrong time and the wrong place
Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln created 10 percent plan-States could
return to Union when 10 percent of voters
pledged their allegiance
Lincoln then planned to restore their state
governments
Republicans came forth with Wade-Davis Billrequired 50% of states voters to pledge loyalty
These 2 plans symbolized the split in the
republican party
Presidential Reconstruction
Radical republicans thought Johnson
would be more favorable to the their 50%
plan
Johnson proved them wrong and granted
numerous southern leaders pardons
The Baleful Black Codes
Black codes were created to govern affairs
of blacks
-Varied from state to state
-originated in Ohio 1804
-Tried to ensure stable/subservient labor
force
Stiff penalties were created for labor
contracts
The Baleful Black Codes
Negro capturers were created
Not allowed to vote or own land
Could be jailed for idleness
Created thousands of sharecroppers Became slaves to their creditors
http://college.cengage.com/history/us/reso
urces/students/primary/blackcode.htm
Congressional Reconstruction
/Johnson Clashes with Congress
Northern congressman upset at having to deal
with former enemies in office
Blacks now counted as whole people therefore
giving them more representation-12 more votes
in Congress
Southerners & Johnson vetoed extending
Freedmen’s bureau but Republicans won
Johnson vetoed it but Congress passed civil
rights bill but not right to vote
Civil rights bill-guaranteed citizenship but not
right to vote-14th amendment
Republican Principles and
Programs
Republicans had veto proof congress
which gave them control of reconstruction
process
Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevensradical republicans
-Tried to keep Southern States out of Union
until drastic social and economic
transformation took place in the South
Reconstruction by the Sword/ No
Women Voters
Race riots in southern cities caused passage of
Reconstruction Act 1867
Divided south into 5 military districts headed by
union general
Congress required
-All states would ratify 13th amendment
Prohibited slavery
14th amendment– citizenship
15th amendment- full suffrage for all males
The Realities of Radical
Reconstruction in the South
Southern black men organized politically
Union League- organization that educated
blacks on the political process and rallied
support for Republican candidates
-Segregated units
-Helped form black churches and dealt with
grievances from blacks
1868-1876-14 black congressmen and 2
black senators served in Washington
The Realities of Radical
Reconstruction in the South
Hiram Rhodes Revels
(September 27, 1822– January
16, 1901) was the first African
American to serve in the
United States Senate. Since
he preceded any African
American in the House, he
was the first African American
in the U.S. Congress as well.
He represented Mississippi in
1870 and 1871 during
Reconstruction. As of 2010,
Revels was one of only six
African Americans ever to
have served in the United
States Senate.
The Realities of Radical
Reconstruction in the South
Southern leaders resented former slaves
presence in Congress
• Scalawags- were Southern whites who joined
the Republican party in the ex-Confederate
South
Carpetbaggers- white Republicans in the South
who had allegedly arrived with all of their worldly
possessions stuffed into a carpetbag, ready to
loot and plunder the defeated South.
After the Civil War, the Union
League Club of New York
founded the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, [2] built the
Statue of Liberty's pedestal[3]
and built Grant's Tomb. The
Union League of Philadelphia
stills exists as do the Union
League Clubs of New York
and Chicago. The former
Union League Club of
Brooklyn now serves as a
senior citizen's home[4], while
the former Union League Club
of New Haven is used as a
restaurant.
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DN
The Ku Klux Klan
Founded in Tennessee-resented black
legislators and success
Purpose was to resist Reconstruction intimidating carpetbaggers, scalawags and
freed slaves.
Johnson Walks the Impeachment
Plank
Tenure of Office Act-required the president
to secure consent of Congress before he
could remove his appointees
Edward Stanton, secretary of war, serving
as a spy and informant for radical
republicans
Johnson impeached for violation of Tenure
of office act
A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson
7 republicans switched sides and voted for
Johnson not to be impeached
Fear of creating a precedent
Fear of abusing checks and balance
system
Purchase of Alaska
Russians needed money and thought that
it would easily be taken in war by Britain
Russian tsar was friendly to the North
during Civil War
Secretary of state William Seward was
openly criticized for this purchase
Price was 7.2 million
Heritage of Reconstruction
Republican wanted to protect freed slaves
and promote their party
Neither of these ideals worked
Southern white resistance and lack of
energy from Moderate Republicans would
allow the South to prevail
The opening argument for the President was delivered by
Benjamin Curtis, a former justice of the Supreme Court best
known for his dissent in the famous Dred Scott case. Curtis
argued that Stanton was not covered by the Tenure of Office
Act because the "term" of Lincoln ended with his death, that
the President did not in fact violate the Act because he did not
succeed in removing Stanton from office, and that the Act itself
unconstitutionally infringed upon the powers of the
President. As for the article based on Johnson's 1866
speeches, Curtis said "The House of Representatives has
erected itself into a school of manners...and they desire the
judgment of this body whether the President has not been
guilty of indecorum." Curtis argued that conviction based on
the tenth article of impeachment would violate the free speech
clause of the First Amendment.