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Multiple Choice SO items (2 points each).
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Most research on psychopathology is correlational because:
a.
it would be unethical to manipulate variables to induce psychological disorders
b. the population of potential research participants is too small for correlational studies
c.
it is very difficult to develop operational definitions of psychological disorders
d. it would be difficult to randomly assign a group of people with a particular psychological
disorder to different groups
2.
Because psychologists regularly use college students as research participants, the research does NOT
involve:
a.
random sampling
b. convenience sampling
c.
selection bias
d. populations
3.
If a researcher documented a certain behavior in a study of an individual, the researcher might follow up
with a study that investigated whether that behavior occurred regularly in large groups of people. These
follow-up studies are necessary because:
a.
researchers tend to experience reactivity when studying single individuals
b. in research with a single person, there are likely to be confounds
c.
a problem with case study research is that it may not generalize to others
d. research is more reliable when it uses a longitudinal approach rather than a cross-sectional approach
4.
If a researcher finds that a participant produces very different scores on a task each time the participant
engages in that task, a researcher can conclude that:
a. the measurements are probably valid but not reliable
b. the measurements show a high level of random error
c.
the data will show no central tendency
d. there will be a need to use inferential statistics
.5.
Your friend Cal explains to you that when he looks at the names of the days of the week on his calendar,
each day looks as if it is written in a different color. For example, Cal always sees Monday as written in a light
maroon color, while Tuesday is always in royal blue. Based on Cal's description, it is likely that he is a(n):
a.
integrative perceptionist
b. synestheste
c.
holistic reader
d. selective reader
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In studies of monozygotic twins separated at birth and adopted into different environments there are:
a.
no similarities
b. only physical similarities
c.
only broad personality trait similarities
d. sometimes a surprising number of similarities with regard to idiosyncratic behaviors
Maria wants to determine whether genetics or environment has a greater influence on intelligence. One
7.
technique for determining this would be a study using:
a. monozygotic twins who are reared apart
b. dizygotic twins who are reared apart
c.
fraternal twins who are reared apart
d. identical twins who are reared together
8.
Imagine you are at the end part of the chain of activity on a production line. Your boss, who in his previous
career was a neuroscientist, calls you an agonist. What would he be implying?
a. that you completely halt production
b. that you interfere with production
c.
that you take stuff out of the process that is defective
d. that you facilitate production
9.
Encharta is sitting outside, looking at her beautiful garden. As the sun goes down, the colors become less
bright and finally all become shades of gray. This is because:
a. the amount of photopigment is decreasing
b. the amount of photopigment is increasing
c.
the cones are taking over for the rods
d. the rods are taking over for the cones
10.
Mick is getting a tattoo. The tattoo artist creates tiny points adjacent to each other on the skin to tattoo a
line. The information from the needle pricks will be represented in the primary somatosensory cortex:
a.
by a single cell with a receptive field responsive to tactile lines
b. as a pattern of neural responses that code indirectly for location
c.
in the same general area that processes tactile information from the arm
d. in a line of adjacent points
Students participating in a psychology experiment are asked to identify the emotions expressed by a
11.
number of different kinds of faces. On which type of face would they recognize the emotion the most quickly?
a. happy man
b. angry man
c.
happy woman
d. angry woman
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If you close one eye, you will still be able to use _ _ _ _ _ as a depth cue, but you will not be able to
12.
use
as a depth cue.
a. linear perspective; occlusion
b. texture gradients; disparity
c.
convergence; motion parallax
d. disparity; linear perspective
13.
Prolonged exposure to movement in one direction _ _ _ _ _ the motion detectors sensitive to that
direction. When the movement stops, the baseline firing rate of detectors for the opposite direction of motion
will be
than the firing rate for the detectors that responded to the prolonged movement,
leading to motion aftereffects.
a. activates; higher
b. activates; lower
c.
fatigues; higher
d. fatigues; lower
14. If you trained a rat to fear a flashing light by pairing it with a painful electric shock, what would be your
conditioned stimulus?
a. flashing light
b. electric shock
c.
fear
d. extinction
15. You use eye drops to keep your contacts moist. At first it was just once in the morning, but now it seems
you are using eye drops every hour or your eyes just seem to dry out. This increased need for eye drops can be
considered an example of
and may be due to a mild
to eye drops.
a. tolerance; addiction
b. sensitization; habituation
c.
withdrawal effects; addiction
d. counter conditioning; habituation
16. Which of the following would NOT be an example of instinctive rather than learned behavior?
a. an ant following a food trail through a maze
b. a horse rearing up and then being given a carrot
c.
a raccoon picking up and "washing" a coin
d. a pigeon flying up and over a barrier to avoid a shock
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Why is Skinner's dream of solving all social problems through operant conditioning impossible?
17.
a.
Biology places constraints on our learning.
b. Operant conditioning isn't effective for learning.
c.
Operant conditioning doesn't apply to social learning.
d. Operant conditioning doesn't take into account learning from classical conditioning.
18. "Hebbian learning," or alterations in synaptic connections as a result of learning, has been summed up in
the saying, "Cells that fire together,
a.
"
learn forever
b. learn together
c.
wire together
d. form a tether
You tell a distracted friend your new cell phone number, area code first. Without writing it down she is
19.
most likely to remember:
a. the last three digits
b. the last five digits
c.
the area code
d. the last digit
20. How does prospective memory limit the cognitive resources available for other tasks?
a. It reduces the available capacity of working memory.
b. It interferes with retrieval from long-term memory.
c.
It causes confusion in encoding items in shortterm memory.
d. It disrupts information in sensory memory.
21.
Your friend James asks you to entertain his younger sister when she comes to visit him at school. He tells
you that his sister is great fun but quite shy. As a result, you decide to take his sister to a concert rather than to
a big party. In making this decision you used:
a. your episodic memory of things you had enjoyed in high school
b. your semantic memory of things to do on campus
c.
your schemas in memory of people who are shy
d. your autobiographical memories of visiting your older brother
22. After Ito han was in a serious car accident, she could remember everything that had happened to her
before the accident but could not form any new memories. ltohan most likely has damage to her
-----'causing her to have _ _ _ _ _ amnesia.
a. hippocampus; anterograde
b. hippocampus; retrograde
c.
amygdala; anterograde
d. amygdala; retrograde
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23. Yang believes that a whale is a fish, because a whale swims. Yang's misconception suggests that he is
using a(n)
a.
model for the fish category.
prototype
b. categorization
c.
defining attribute
d. exemplar
24.
Fazal is planning to buy a new car. He is going to take a loan so that he can buy a new car because he
believes that a new car will have fewer problems. Claire tells him that used cars with guarantees also have very
few problems. Fazal realizes that he needs to find out if Claire is right before buying a new car. Fazal has been
using which form ofthinking about his car purchase?
a.
reasoning
b. problem solving
c.
decision making
d. heuristic thinking
25. One probable reason that children with more affluent parents tend to have higher IQs is that these
children are more likely to:
a. be genetically predisposed to be more intelligent
b. attend better schools and have more enrichment
c.
be familiar with the information on IQ tests
d. take classes to prepare them for IQ tests
26. Ruth weighed 130 pounds all of her adult life. During her recent pregnancy, she gained ten extra pounds.
Within a few months, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. For Ruth, 130 pounds was a(n)
_ _ _ _ _ and her body went back to it through a process of _ _ _ __
a. optimal weight; equilibrium
b. set-point; equilibrium
c.
set-point; homeostasis
d. optimal weight; homeostasis
27.
Biological drive theories of motivation have trouble explaining why people engage in behaviors that:
a. do not satisfy biological needs
b. do not generate high levels of arousal
c.
are not motivated by specific goals
d. are maladaptive and habitual
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28. Roland would often finish a long soccer practice telling himself that he must love soccer because he
works so hard at it. His high school soccer coach tells Roland that he is good enough to earn a full soccer
scholarship to college. Now Roland leaves long practices telling himself that he is working this hard to get a
scholarship. He finds that he now enjoys soccer less. Bern's self-perception theory would explain Roland's
behavior by saying that:
a.
he no longer feels that he is choosing to practice and play
b. he is afraid that he will start losing matches and look bad to scouts
c.
winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer
d. playing has become work, not pleasure
Students have been asked to leave the library and wait several blocks away. In which of the following
29.
situations would the students be most likely to want to wait together?
a. there is a fire drill
b. there is a bomb threat
c.
there has been an assault
d. no explanation has been given
30. There is an area of the hypothalamus that typically differs in size between men and women. Research has
found that the size of this area in gay men is comparable to that of heterosexual women and the size of this
area for lesbians is comparable to heterosexual men. What is the most reasonable interpretation of this
finding?
a. This area of the hypothalamus plays a role in the development of sexual orientation.
b. This area of the hypothalamus develops in response to sexual orientation.
c. This area of the hypothalamus is influenced by the same underlying genetic pattern as sexual orientation.
d. A causal connection cannot be deduced from this finding.
31. Twin studies have shown that anger is primarily influenced by _ _ _ _ _ and guilt is primarily
influenced by _ _ _ __
a. the social environment; genetics
b. genetics; the social environment
c.
genetics; genetics
d. the social environment; the social environment
Paloma's parents spent a great deal of time with her when she was growing up; they always made her feel
32.
loved and valued. Erhard's parents loved him, but they were always busy and distant. As an adult, who is likely
to experience more guilt, and why?
a.
Erhard because he never feels sufficiently secure
b. Paloma because she has developed the ability to empathize
c.
Erhard because he never feels valued or of importance
d. Paloma because she feels obligated to repay her parents
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Under stress, females are more likely than males to show tend-and-befriend responses because:
a. females release oxytocin while males release testosterone in response to a stressor
b. males have been socialized to fight while females to withdraw from stressful situations
c.
females are more responsible for their children than are males
d. females are more interested in friends than are males
34. Based on what you know about downward comparisons, which emotion is most likely to follow a
downward comparison?
a.
relief
b. excitement
c.
embarrassment
d. depression
35. Psychologists use theory of mind to refer to:
a. our ability to recognize that others have mental states that might explain their behavior
b. the tendency to explain our own behavior in terms of environmental factors and the behavior of
others in terms of their mental states
c.
the belief that nonhumans have minds that are much like our own
d. the fact that the mind cannot be observed directly but must be inferred
36.
Erikson's final stage of adult development is focused on the issues of:
a. stagnation versus productivity
b. isolation versus intimacy
c.
competence versus incompetence
d. integrity versus despair
37.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about young people today?
a. They marry later.
b. They are less likely to engage in infidelity.
c. They spend more time looking for a partner.
d. They are more likely to get divorced.
38. Freud argued that defense mechanisms are:
a. strategies the id uses to satisfy the pleasure principle
b. mental strategies we consciously employ to deal with unacceptable sexual urges
c.
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unconscious strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress
d. strategies employed by the superego to satisfy the reality principle
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Bandura's concept of self-efficacy:
a.
relates expectancies to behavior
b. denies the role of observational learning on human behavior
c.
has not been supported by empirical research
d. implies that the environment has little impact on behavior
Why would a psychodynamic psychotherapist be against giving an objective personality test to a client?
40.
a.
People usually fake their results on objective tests.
b. They are much more time-consuming than projective tests.
c.
They measure conscious rather than unconscious processes.
d. Those tests lack a research basis.
41.
How does infant temperament relate to adult personality?
a. It affects the general structure of personality but does not predict specific behavior patterns.
b. Temperament changes so much over early development that no consistent relationships have been
documented.
c.
It correlates with both the general structure of adult personality and with specific behavioral
patterns shown by adults.
d. It predicts negative but not positive behaviors.
42.
Janie is very high on the personality dimension openness to experience. She likes to skydive, learn foreign
languages, and travel to exotic countries. As Janie gets older, she may be less likely to skydive, but may still
enjoy unusual vacations. McCrae and Costa would call this change in Janie's typical activities a:
a. central trait change
b. peripheral function
c.
five-factor deviation
d. characteristic adaptation
43.
Most people feel that they are _ _ _ _ _ and this view is _ _ _ __
a. about average; an accurate one
b. about average; an inaccurate one
c.
above average; an inaccurate one
d. below average; an inaccurate one
Dr. Leung gives all of her patients a short, valid, and reliable questionnaire wherein they answer a number
44.
of questions about sleeping and eating habits, daily activities, and emotional states. Based on this information,
Dr. Leung assesses depressive symptoms in each patient. Dr. Leung is making use of:
a.
psychological testing
b. neuropsychological testing
c.
a projective model
d. a mental status exam
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45. Sandy is going off to college and is worried about being away from her hometown and her friends.
According to Aaron Beck's cognitive model of depression, Sandy will be more likely to experience depression if
she:
is already low in agreeableness
a
b. believes negative things about herself, about going to college, and about the future
c.
has low self-efficacy
d. has unresolved unconscious conflicts between her id, ego, and superego
46. Research comparing prisoners and non-prisoners shows that:
a.
people with antisocial personality disorder eventually spend time in prison
b. a large number of antisocial people avoid the criminal justice system
c.
prisoners typically have a more extreme form of the disorder
d. prisoners show lack of remorse while nonprisoners show lack of empathy
Floyd has always tended to have "love-hate" relationships with people who are close to him. He
47.
constantly worries about whether people will leave him so he smothers them with affection only to feel
rejected and disappointed when they back away from this behavior. He has threatened to commit suicide a
number of times and most people view him as very emotionally unstable. Floyd would probably be diagnosed
with:
a.
narcissistic personality disorder
b. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
c.
bipolar disorder
d. borderline personality disorder
48. Jason has recently been diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder. Jason's treatment will probably
involve one or both of the two major classes of treatment, which are:
a.
psychoanalysis and client-centered therapy
b. biological treatment and psychotherapy
c.
psychotherapy and behavioral therapy
d. client-centered therapy and biological treatment
49.
Like some other biological treatment techniques, _ _ _ _ _ was originally developed to treat the
medical condition _ _ _ __, but after use with psychological disorders was found to be effective in
treating obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression.
a. electroconvulsive therapy; Renaud's disease
b. deep brain stimulation; Parkinson's disease
c.
transcranial magnetic stimulation; brain injury
d. targeted prefrontal lobotomy; Tourette's syndrome
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What do the alternative biological treatments for psychological disorders primarily have in common?
a. They all tend to overemphasize the role of free will in recovery.
b. They all involve surgical techniques.
c.
They all use some form of electric current to affect brain functioning.
d. They all depend on behaviorist principles.