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Satellites of Other Planets Section 3 Pg 733-744 Mars’ Moons Phobos and Deimos Fear and Terror Potato shaped captured asteroids Moons of Jupiter Galileo observed 4 moons orbiting Now we have observed dozens Largest 4 known as Galilean moons Galilean Moons Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Io Active volcanoes Io moves inward and outward in orbit and experiences gravitational pull from other moons This causes the surface to move in and out by 100 m. Heat from the friction from surface flexing causes volcanoes Europa metallic core, an extensive rocky mantle smooth shell of ice, and it is often speculated – though far from proven – that a global ocean of liquid water is concealed underneath most likely haven of extraterrestrial life If the moon's interior is warm enough to sustain an ocean, and if the ice crust is thin enough to permit the passage of sunlight, then perhaps aquatic organisms have evolved Ganymede Larger than Mercury Plate tectonics Magnetic field Callisto No internal layers geologically dead craters Moons of Saturn At least 47 Titan the largest Uranus and Neptune have moons Uranus two dozen moons Neptune 13 moons Pluto Although no longer considered a planet Pluto has three small moons Charon is almost half the size of Pluto they share a barycenter Rings of Gas Giants We usually think of Saturn, but other planets have rings too Pieces range in size from particles the size of dust to chunks the size of a house Asteroids, Comets and Meteoroids Other stuff out there Asteroids Fragments of rock that orbit the sun More than 50,000 Largest is Ceres Most are in the asteroid belt located between Mars and Jupiter Other Asteroid Locations Trojan asteroids Concentrated in groups ahead of and behind Jupiter Near Earth Asteroids Have wide, elliptical orbits that bring them close to Earth Small percentage Can cause major damage Now we ID and monitor to hope to predict and possibly avoid future collisions Russian: Meteor or Meteorite? Chelyabinsk Meteor exploded in the air Some small pieces hit the ground Damage from the shock wave Over 1000 injured February 14, 2013, the same day as a flyby of asteroid 2012 DA14 Apophis Meteor Close pass in 2029 April 13, 2036? Depends on where is passes in 2029 Comets Look like a star with a tail Small bodies of ice and dust Highly elliptical orbits Most famous is Halley’s comet (1986—2061) Composition Parts Core/nucleus--head Coma--spherical cloud of gas and dust Tails when sunlight causes the ice to change to gas Always flow away from the sun Comet ISON in November 2013 Sources—Oort Cloud lies beyond Neptune’s orbit Matter leftover from the formation of the solar system Long period comets—take more than 200 years to orbit the sun Kuiper Belt Source of short period comets Short period comets have a period of less than 200 years Meteoroids Small bits of rock and dust friction causes them to burn up as they enter Earth’s atmosphere Shooting stars Meteor Showers When a large number of meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere in a short period of time Occur at the same time each year Lyrid Meteor Shower April 22 Look near Vega Meteorites These hit the ground! Three types stony Iron stony iron