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Ancient Greece (from about 700 B.C.) Geography •  Greece is a peninsula (surrounded on 3 sides by water) •  Has mountains (very difficult to travel over)(about every nine out of ten acres is covered by mts) ACca •  Wedge-­‐shaped peninsula in the south •  Plains are used for farming •  Many good harbors (sheltered place for ships along a coast) Peloponnesus •  Southwest of ACca •  Mountainous region, thin plains, many rivers (some of the rivers dry up in the summerJme) Agriculture •  Summers are hot and dry, winters are wet and windy •  Grew some wheat and barley •  Olives & grapes became other major crop (olive oil major export) •  Raised sheep, goats & caPle Greek Sailors •  Greek’s used sailing as main way of transportaJon & trade •  Triremes – largest warship needed 170 men to row (located under deck), had a long narrow deck so soldiers could run and fight on •  Rowers were usually poor Greek CiJzens from city-­‐states or hired rowers Archaic Period (750 – 500 B.C.) •  City-­‐States (polis) were reestablished •  Greek wriPen and spoken language was restored •  advancements in poliJcal theory, especially the beginnings of democracy, as well as in culture and art City-­‐States •  Most City-­‐States had their own laws, customs & goals •  All men wanted to be a ciJzen (had certain rights and responsibiliJes)(women and slaves were not allowed to be ciJzens) •  All spoke and wrote same language •  All believed in same gods Government in City-­‐States •  2 forms of government in city-­‐states – Oligarchy – ruled by a small group of the richest, most power ciJzens – Monarchy – ruled by one ruler, or king Men in Greece •  Men ran the government, and spent a great deal of their Jme away from home. When not involved in poliJcs, the men spent Jme in the fields, overseeing or working the crops, sailing, hunJng, in manufacturing or in trade. •  For fun, in addiJon to drinking parJes, the men enjoyed wrestling, horseback riding, and Olympic Games. •  Men cut their hair short and, unless they were soldiers, wore beards. •  Barber shops first became popular in ancient Greece. They were an important part of the social life of many ancient Greek males. In the barber shop, the men exchanged poliJcal and sports news, philosophy, and gossip! Women in Greece •  With the excepJon of women in ancient Sparta, Greek women had very limited freedom outside the home. If they had their husband's permission, they could aPend weddings, funerals, some religious fesJvals, and visit female neighbors for brief periods of Jme. But without their husband's permission, they could do none of these things. They could not leave the house, not even go to a temple to honor their gods, without their husband's permission. •  In their home, however, Greek women were in charge! Their job was to run the house, make the clothes, and bear children. •  Most Greek women did not do housework themselves. Most Greek households had slaves Kids in Greece •  The ancient Greeks considered their children to be "youths" unJl they reached the age of 30! When a child was born to ancient Greek family, the father carried his child in a ritual dance around the household. Friends and relaJves sent gi`s. The family decorated the doorway of their home with a wreath of olives (for a boy) or a wreath of wool (for a girl). •  girls stayed at home unJl they were married. Like their mother, they could aPend certain fesJvals, funerals, and visit neighbors for brief periods of Jme. Their job was to help their mother, and to help in the fields, if necessary •  In most Greek city-­‐states, when young, the boys stayed at home, helping in the fields, sailing, and fishing at age 6 or 7 they would go to school Toys / Pets for Kids •  TOYS: Ancient Greek children played with many toys, including raPles, liPle clay animals, horses on 4 wheels that could be pulled on a string, yo-­‐yo's, and terra-­‐coPa dolls. •  PETS: Birds, dogs, goats, tortoises, and mice were all popular pets! Cats, however, were not! Slaves in Greece •  Slaves were very important to the ancient Greek way of life. Slaves cleaned and cooked, worked in the fields, factories, shops, in the mines, and on ships. Even the police force in ancient Athens was made up of slaves! Most slaves lives were not that different from a poor Greek ciJzen's life. •  There were things slaves could not do. They could not go to school, or enter poliJcs, or use their own name. They were given a name by the ciJzen who owned them. They were the property of their owner, not ciJzens of ancient Greece. •  People became slaves in many ways. Some people became slaves when captured in baPle. Some were the children of slaves. Some were Greek infants, abandoned on a hill or at the gates of a town, le` to die, or to be rescued by someone passing by. Some children were sold into slavery by poor families and others were kidnapped EducaJon •  In ancient Athens, the purpose of educa>on was to produce ci>zens trained in the arts, and to prepare ciJzens for both peace and war. •  UnJl age 6 or so, boys were taught at home by their mother or by a male slave. From age 6 to 14, boys went to a neighborhood primary school or to a private school. Books were very expensive and rare, so subjects were read out-­‐loud, and the boys had to memorize everything. To help them learn, they used wriJng tablets and rulers. Greek Alphabet •  Put alphabet together to make words •  First alphabet to include vowels •  Wrote history, fables, myths and legends Mount Olympus •  Kingdom of the Gods & Goddesses •  They meet to make decision about mortals •  Located in the clouds on top of a mountain (flying city) •  Mythical – based on beliefs •  Stories are passed on from generaJon to generaJon (even today) Gods & Goddesses APHRODITE APOLLO HERA ZUES ATHENA ARES HERMES HEPHAESTUS DEMETER POSEIDON ARTEMIS
DIONYSUS
Zeus •  Supreme God of the Olympians •  • Youngest son of Titans Cronus and Rhea •  • His siblings: Posiedon, Hades, HesJa, Demeter, and Hera Zeus •  He and his siblings fought to gain control of the universe from the Titans and Cronus (his father) •  He and his brothers (Poseidon and Hades) divided up creaJon with Zeus receiving the sky as his domain. He was also accorded supreme authority on earth and on Mount Olympus. Hera •  Goddess of marriage •  Wife of Zeus and Queen of the Olympians •  She took many forms, among them that of a bird. Hera •  InteresJng Fact: Hera hated the great hero Heracles since he was the son of her husband Zeus and a mortal woman. When he was sJll an infant, she sent snakes to aPack him in his crib. •  Hera was worshipped throughout Greece, and the oldest and most important temples were dedicated to her. Poseidon •  God of the sea, earthquakes, and horses •  One of the supreme Gods of Mount Olympus, but he spent most of his Jme in his watery domain. Poseidon •  Brother to Zeus and Hades •  As the god of horses,he would o`en adopt the shape of horse. •  InteresJng fact:When the Olympians gained control of the universe, they agreed that the earth would be ruled jointly, with Zeus as king. This led to a number of territorial disputes among the gods. Poseidon vied to be the ruler of Athens. He demonstrated his power by striking the Acropolis with his three-­‐pronged spear, which caused a spring of salt water to emerge Hades •  Ruler of the underworld (not God of death) •  Brother to Zeus & Poseidon •  Did have a seat in Olympus but preferred to stay in underworld Hades •  He was the jealous brother to Zeus and Poseidon. •  He made Persephone his wife a`er stealing her from her mother, Demeter, who was his sister. •  Because he was a violent god, who was also very possessive of every new soul, he rarely le` his underworld domain. Demeter-­‐Goddess of Corn and the Harvest •  She was the goddess of growing things. •  She was the mother of Persephone, whose father was Zeus. •  Her daughter was kidnapped by Hades and taken to the Underworld for six months of the year causing the change of seasons. Athena-­‐Goddess of Wisdom, JusJce, War, CivilizaJon and Peace •  She was born full grown out of the head of Zeus. •  She taught man to use tools and taught his wife to spin and weave. •  She was the best-­‐loved goddess on Olympus. •  She hated Ares, god of war, o`en besJng him in baPle. •  The Greek city of Athens is named a`er her. •  She was said to have created the spider. Apollo-­‐The Sun God; God of Music, Poetry, Wisdom, Light and Truth •  He was the twin brother of Artemis and the most handsome of the gods. •  He was also the god of the healing arts and of medicine. •  He drove his chariot across the sky to pull the sun each day. Artemis-­‐ Goddess of the Woods, Moon and the Hunt •  She was the twin sister of Apollo, whose mother was Leto and father was Zeus. •  She was a huntress, who always carried a silver bow and arrows. Ares-­‐Cruel God off War •  He was a ruthless and murderous god, who displayed the worst of humanity’s traits. •  He, along with grief, strife, panic, and terror, roams the •  earth. •  Ironically, he was a coward, who fled the field of baPle Aphrodite-­‐Goddess of Love and Beauty •  She is the goddess of desire born from sea foam. Another myth credits her mother as Dione and her father as Zeus. •  A`er all the gods on Mount Olympus courted her, she married Hephaestus, the ugliest of the gods. •  Because she was judged the most beauJful of all the goddesses on Mount Olympus by Paris, the other goddesses envied her. Hermes-­‐ God of Mischief and Messenger of the Gods •  He was the precocious son of Zeus and Maia •  As a baby, he made a lyre and pipe for his half brother, Apollo. •  He carried Apollo’s golden staff and flew around the heavens and earth on winged sandals. TEMPLE OF ZUES TEMPLE OF HERA TEMPLE OF POSEIDON DOOR INTO THE TEMPLE OF APHRODITE City-­‐States •  Built around a acropolis (a large hill that city residents could seek shelter and safety in Jmes of war) •  Agora-­‐market place meJng place SPARTA •  Oligarchy – ruled by a small group of warriors •  Goal of educaJon was to make a strong warrior •  Girls learned to throw spears and fight (girls didn’t fight in war but trained to make a bePer child) •  In Sparta, boys were taken away from their parents at age 7. They lived a harsh and o`en brutal life in the soldiers barracks. Younger children were beaten by older children who started fights to help make the younger boys strong. Children were o`en were whipped in front of groups of other Spartans, including their parents, but they were not allowed to cry out in pain. SPARTA •  Children, during their training process, were given very liPle food. They were encouraged to steal food, instead. If caught stealing, they were beaten. Spartan children learned to be cunning, to lie, to cheat, to steal, and how to get away with it! •  As adults, Spartan men did not live with their families. They visited their families, but men lived in the soldiers' barracks. •  As adults, Spartan women, unlike women in the rest of Greek world, had a great deal of freedom. Many ran businesses. Sparta women were free to move about and visit neighbors without permission from their husbands. How would they get permission? The men were o`en off fighJng. Classes •  Perioeci – ciJzens who paid taxes, served in the army and were protected by Spartan Law •  Helots – people from lands conquered and ruled by Sparta who had no rights •  Spartan ciJzens were given land which was farmed for them by the Helots. The Helots were treated as serfs (slaves) and had to give half their crops to their Spartan master.