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Sentence of the Week Presentation English 11 Week #1 What did you notice? This week’s focus is subject-verb agreement Parts of speech build sentences What is a sentence? Clause Phrase SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT THE BASICS A SINGULAR SUBJECT NEEDS A SINGULAR VERB THE GIRL (SINGULAR SUBJECT) READS (SINGULAR VERB) MYSTERY STORIES. A PLURAL SUBJECT NEEDS A PLURAL VERB THE GIRLS (PLURAL SUBJECT) READ (PLURAL VERB) MYSTERY STORIES. HE/THEY TRICK LET’S BEGIN Do a basic diagram The simple subject must match the simple verb Singular subjects require singular verbs Plural subjects require plural verbs The dog is black. The dogs are black. Simple, right? IF ONLY LIFE WERE THAT SIMPLE DON’T BE CONFUSED BY PLURAL WORDS THAT COME AFTER THE VERB MY BIGGEST PROBLEM (IS/ARE) THE MANY INCOMPLETE HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS I NEED TO FINISH. MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY PLURAL WORDS THAT COME BETWEEN A SINGULAR SUBJECT AND THE VERB THE TOPIC OF THESE FOUR BOOKS (IS/ARE) HORSES. EACH OF THE BIKES (HAS/HAVE) NEW TIRES. MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY SUBJECTS THAT COME AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE. STANDING AT THE BACK OF THE ROOM (WAS/WERE) MY PARENTS. AT THE END OF MOST OF OUR TEAM’S GAMES (COME/COMES) VICTORY’S SWEETNESS. MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY PHRASES SUCH AS “ALONG WITH”, “TOGETHER WITH”, “ACCOMPANIED BY”, “AS WELL AS”, “INCLUDING”, AND “IN ADDITION TO” TENITA, AS WELL AS MIKE, (PLAY/PLAYS) BASKETBALL WELL. MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY A “NOT” PHRASE. I, NOT YOU, (AM/ARE) LATE. MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY COLLECTIVE NOUNS FAMILY, ORCHESTRA, GROUP, COMMITTEE, JURY, CROWD, HERD, AUDIENCE, PAIR, SQUAD WHETHER THE NOUN IS PLURAL OR SINGULAR DEPENDS ON WHETHER THE SENTENCE REFERS TO THE INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OR THE GROUP AS A WHOLE. MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY NOUNS OF AMOUNT THESE ARE LIKE COLLECTIVE NOUNS – ARE THEY INDIVIDUAL OR THE WHOLE FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS IS A LOT OF MONEY. WE HAVE A PROBLEM: FIVE HUNDREDDOLLAR BILLS ARE MISSING. Let’s Practice The family (live/lives) on Elm Street. The orchestra (tune/tunes) its instruments. My pair of scissors (is/are) lost. Eight pounds of grapes (is/are) a lot of grapes. One of the Martin twins (is/are) absent today. (Do/Does) either of the Joneses live here? Recap Week #1 Find the simple subject and the simple verb no matter where they are in the sentence – do a simple diagram Nothing else in the sentence is relevant Reread the sentence to be sure you understand the intent in collective nouns or nouns of amount Match the subject (singular or plural) with the verb (singular or plural) Practice Week #2 and #3 MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. “I” AND “YOU” REFER TO SPECIFIC PEOPLE. SOME OTHER PRONOUNS POINT TO NON-SPECIFIC PEOPLE— SOMEONE, ANYONE, NOBODY, EVERYBODY(INDEFINITE PRONOUNS) MORE ISSUES PRONOUNS BEGINNING WITH “ANY”, “NO”, “EVERY”, AND “SOME” ARE ALWAYS SINGULAR. EVERYBODY IS COMING. “EACH”, “ANOTHER”, “EITHER”, “NEITHER”, “LITTLE”, “MUCH” ARE ALWAYS SINGULAR. LITTLE IS HAPPENING BECAUSE NEITHER OF MY FRIENDS IS HERE. MORE ISSUES “BOTH”, “SEVERAL”, “FEW”, “MANY”, “MOST”, “OTHERS” ARE PLURAL “ANY”, “MORE”, “SOME”, “ENOUGH”, “ALL”, “MOST”, “WHO”, “HALF”, “NONE” ARE EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL. EITHER/OR NEITHER/NOR THESE DEPEND UPON THE REST OF THE SENTENCE FOR DETERMINATION. IF BOTH PARTS ARE SINGULAR – USE A SINGULAR VERB (EITHER RYAN OR WESLEY IS HERE.) IF BOTH PARTS ARE PLURAL- USE A PLURAL VERB (NEITHER THE BOYS NOR THE GIRLS ARE HERE.) EITHER AND NEITHER IF ONE PART IS SINGULAR AND ONE IS PLURAL TAKE THE NOUN CLOSEST TO THE VERB AND MAKE THE VERB AGREE. NEITHER THE BOYS NOR THEIR MOTHER (IS/ARE) HERE. NEITHER THE MOTHER NOR HER SONS (IS/ARE) HERE. MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY NOUN PHRASES REFERRING TO A SINGLE UNIT. SINGULAR PHRASE = SINGULAR VERB SPAGHETTI AND MEATBALLS (IS/ARE) MY FAVORITE DINNER. MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY NOUNS THAT LOOK PLURAL BUT ARE ACTUALLY SINGULAR. THE NEWS (IS/ARE) BAD. MEASLES (IS/ARE) CONTAGIOUS. MATHEMATICS (IS/ARE) MY EASIEST CLASS. MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY SOME “-ICS” NOUNS THAT CAN BE EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL. POLITICS (IS/ARE) AN INTERESTING CAREER. THE POLITICS IN THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN (WAS/WERE) MIGHTY DIRTY. MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY THE PLURAL FORMS OF FOREIGN WORDS. THE DATA (SHOW/SHOWS) THAT BOYS WATCH MORE SPORTS ON TV THAN GIRLS WATCH. DATUM IS SINGULAR – DATA IS PLURAL MORE ISSUES DON’T BE CONFUSED BY MATHEMATICAL PHRASES. ONE AND ONE (IS/ARE) TWO. FIVE TIMES SIX (IS/ARE) THIRTY. Recap Week #2 And #3 Memorize the “inconsistent” rules Simple subject singular (at least in meaning) = singular verb Plural subject (at least in meaning) = plural verb Multiple nouns – work with the one closest to the verb Any-, every-, no-, some- always singular Practice Week #2 Macaroni and Cheese are Emily’s favorite do-it-yourself dinner. The only problem we 500 campers have are the hundreds of wasps swarming around our ten campsites. Standing there looking happy was Wesley and Austin. Only one out of four kids in America eat a healthy diet. Practice Week #2 I can’t find my catcher’s glove; I hope either David or the Joneses has it. The company Video Games Galore are holding their annual picnic on Thursday. Practice Week #3 There has been many child prodigies in music. Few, however, has been able to sustain a career as Midori has done. Concerts and recitals seems to leaver her little time for other activities. Nevertheless, neither practice nor a busy professional calendar has kept her from fulfilling other commitments. Practice Week #3 To expose children to classical music are one of her important goals. Her foundation, Midori and Friends, concentrate on bringing music to schools all over New York City. Her group travel all over the city, delighting students with the beauty of her classical tradition. Practice Week #3 Works by composers of many nationalities and from several centuries makes her concerts interesting. The arts boasts of few individuals who have contributed more in so short a time. Here, indeed, are an amazing artist and individual. Week #4 Verb Tenses three simple tenses three perfect tenses Demonstrate sequence of events; help to understand cause/effect Present tense I talk, you talk, he talks, we talk Use to describe an action or state of being, one regularly occurring, future if modifying adverb/adverbial phrase Week #4 Past tense Add –ed to present (regular verbs only) I talked, you talked, he talked, we talked Use when action or being began and ended in past Future tense Add “will” or “shall” to the present I will/shall talk, you will/shall talk, we will/shall talk Use when action or being will take place after present moment Week #4 Present perfect tense Add “has” or “have” to past participle I have talked, we have talked Use to express an action or being completed at an indefinite time in the past or one that started in the past and continues into the present Week #4 Past perfect tense Add “had” to the past participle I had talked, we had talked Use to express a past action or being that occurred before another in the past Gandhi had embraced the principles of nonviolent protest long before he organized a demonstration against an unfair tax. Week #4 Future perfect tense Add “will have” or “shall have” to past participle I will/shall have talked; we will/shall have talked Use to express a future action or being that will take place before another in the future By the year 2010, Gandhi’s reforms will have been in practice for more than 60 years. Week #4 When Graham swimmed in Amsterdam, he rammed into a dam. Past tense Wellington has recently sang a bouncy song about Ping-Pong. Past participle (completed action) Last night Otis dreamt about croaking toads. Past Week #4 Instead of eating his tomatoes for supper, Tupper drunk a bottle of ketchup. Past Cousin Nell, who always pretends she’s a pail, has fell into the well. Perfect present Hank’s bloated goldfish has sank to the bottom of the tank. Past participle Week #5 Phrases Verbal phrases Participial Phrases Verb that functions as an adjective Present participle - -ing The falling prices were good news for wouldbe buyers. Past participle - -ed or –d The improved designs made the automobile cheaper and more reliable. Week #5 Participial Phrases as Adjectives Launching the first moving assembly line, Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile industry. Absolute Phrase No grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence. Usually relates by providing details about circumstances or time. Its popularity waning, the Model T was retired from production in 1927. Week #5 Gerunds that ends in –ing and functions as a noun. Skiing is a winter sport. Gerunds and present participles end in –ing. Look for function to determine type. What does a blinking cursor mean? Blinking can be a sign of eye strain. Verbal Week #5 Infinitive Phrases Usually begins with the word “to” and functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb In 1995, Eileen Collins became the first female pilot to command a space mission. Try not to split infinitives. Astronauts need to rigorously train for space missions. Astronauts need to train rigorously for space missions. Week #6 Review of phrases, quiz issues Active and Passive Voice THE BALL WAS HIT. (BY WHOM) PASSIVE TUCKER HIT THE BALL. ACTIVE CIGARETTE TAXES WILL BE RAISED. PASSIVE CONGRESS WILL RAISE TAXES ON CIGARETTES. ACTIVE Week #6 Practice Identify as active or passive voice War was declared because of the terrorist attack on 9-11. Your request for a promotion was approved. George W. Bush’s tax cuts were not renewed. Week #7 Sentence Structure CLAUSES AND PHRASES PUT TOGETHER LOGICALLY INDEPENDENT CLAUSES VERSUS DEPENDENT CLAUSES SINGLE WORDS CAN MAKE DEPENDENT CLAUSES, INDEPENDENT AS HE RAN ACROSS THE ROOM (LOSE THE “AS”) Sentence Structure Punctuation INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (COMMA) AND, BUT, OR, SO, INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (SEMICOLON) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (COMMA) DEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD) DEPENDENT CLAUSE (COMMA) INDEPENDENT CLAUSE (PERIOD) SENTENCE STRUCTURE EXAMPLES Week 7 examples Mimic the examples SOW #7 Examples Brutus missed his bus he had to ride a drooling mule to school. Darlene needs dental work she eats ice she also chews on broomsticks and marbles. Some self-conscious warthogs get nose jobs they think that good looks will gain them more friends. #7 Comma Rules Comma in a Series IN A SERIES OF THREE OR MORE ITEMS, USE A COMMA AFTER EVERY ITEM (LAST ONE OPTIONAL) ROCKS, SNAGS, AND SHOALS CAN BE HAZARDOUS TO BOATS. NO COMMAS ARE NEEDED IF THE ITEMS IN A SERIES ARE JOINED BY AND, OR, OR NOR. SEMI-COLONS AND COMMA SERIES #7 Examples Aunt Tallulah talks to her tulips she also puts party hats on her petunias. My bus driver who acts like she’s crazy. Such as when she playfully drives towards pedestrians. Trace thinks that space aliens hide in many places. For example, inside of the small intestines of hamsters. #8 Comma Rules USE A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY WORD OR MILD INTERJECTION AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE: (NO, OUR CREW WAS UNABLE TO CALL FOR HELP.) USE A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE THAT CONTAINS ONE OR MORE ADDITIONAL PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES: (IN THE SPRING OF 1930, MARINE SCIENCE TOOK A GIANT STEP FORWARD.) #8 Comma Rules USE A COMMA AFTER A VERBAL PHRASE AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE. (TO MAKE THE HALF-MILE DIVE, SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS DESIGNED A DEEP-SEA VEHICLE.) USE A COMMA AFTER AN INTRODUCTORY ADVERB OR ADVERB CLAUSE AT THE BEGINNING UNLESS IT IS THE SUBJECT. (FORTUNATELY, THE VEHICLE WORKED WELL.) #8 Comma Rules USE COMMAS TO SET OFF A PARENTHETICAL EXPRESSION. (BEEBE DID, OF COURSE, KEEP A JOURNAL.) USE COMMAS TO SET OFF WORDS OF DIRECT ADDRESS. (THANK YOU, CAPTAIN LOWRY, FOR A JOB WELL DONE.) #8 Comma Rules USE COMMAS TO SET OFF NONESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE SENTENCE. (ADVANCED LIFESAVING, WHICH IS AN EXCELLENT COURSE, PREPARES STUDENTS TO BE LIFEGUARDS. SCIENTISTS TRANSFORMED THE H.M.S. CHALLENGER, A BRITISH WARSHIP, INTO A FLOATING LAB. Colons USED AFTER A COMPLETE STATEMENT TO INTRODUCE A LIST OF RELATED DETAILS MARIA JUST PURCHASED ALL THE CAMPING SUPPLIES FOR OUR TRIP: A BACKPACK, A SLEEPING BAG, AND A PAIR OF HIKING BOOTS. IT MUST BE AFTER AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE Semicolons PUT TWO OR MORE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES TOGETHER TO FORM ONE BIG SENTENCE THE CLAUSES MUST BE RELATED ON ACT YOU WILL NOT HAVE TO CHOOSE BETWEEN A SEMICOLON AND PERIOD