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Anatomy & Physiology CARDIOVASCULAR REVIEW Define the following: Endocarditis inflammation of the endocardium Angina chest pain or discomfort due to the heart not getting enough oxygen Infarct necrosis (or death) of the heart Ischemia restriction of blood supply to tissues Fibrillation rapid, unsynchronized, or irregular control of heart muscle fibers Tachycardia high heart rate Bradycardia low heart rate Congestive heart failure heart is unable to pump for the body’s need due to a fluid build up in various organs Pulmonary edema fluid in the lungs Varicose veins swollen and twisted veins due to jobs that require continuous standing or genetics Thrombophlebitis inflammation of a vein with a blood clot formation Hypotension low blood pressure Hypertension high blood pressure Atherosclerosis thickening of the arterial walls due to fatty deposits (plaque) Coronary artery disease most common type of heart disease; caused by atherosclerosis (13 points) Label the following diagram, using the key below. Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Aorta Superior Vena Cava Right Ventricle Pulmonary Veins Right Atrium Left Atrium Tricuspid Valve Pulmonary Artery Inferior Vena Cava Pulmonary Valve (Semi-Lunar) 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 7 1. Aorta * 7. Inferior Vena Cava 2. Superior Vena Cava 8. Pulmonary Artery 3. Pulmonary Valve (Semi-Lunar) 9. Pulmonary Veins 4. Right Atrium 10. Left Atrium 5. Tricuspid Valve 11. Mitral Valve/Bicuspid 6. Right Ventricle 12. Left Ventricle Place a * next to the LARGEST artery of the human body. Answer the following questions. a. What is the difference between the pulmonary and systemic pathways of blood? Pulmonary: Blood from heart to lungs; Systemic: Blood from heart to body b. What is the function of valves? Allow blood to flow in one direction (prevent backflow) c. What is the SA Node also known as? Pacemaker Name the locations of the following (be as specific as possible). Structure Location Tricuspid Valve Between Right Atrium & Right Ventricle Bicuspid Valve Between Left Atrium & Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Base of Aorta SA Node Under Epicardium AV Node Under Endocardium Name and define the factors that regulate the heart rate. ANS: autonomic nervous system- stress Hormones & ions: changes or imbalances (K+, Na+, etc) Physical factors: temperature, age, gender What happens to the blood vessels when a person smokes cigarettes? What does this cause in the person? BVs constrict causing the BP to rise Complete the following chart about blood vessels (fill in the blanks). Blood Vessel Arteries Veins Capillaries Structure Function Tunica interna, media & externa; thick smooth muscle; no valves Take blood away from heart Tunica interna, media & externa; thin smooth muscle; valves Take blood to heart Smallest BVs with the thinnest walls Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion Complete the following chart comparing and contrasting heart rate and blood pressure by indicating if HR or BP goes up (↑) or down (↓). Event Heart Rate Blood Pressure ↓ ↓ ↑ ↑ Person is resting Person is standing Name 2 health risks of high blood pressure. Stroke, heart attack, kidney disease Name the three layers of blood vessels. Tunica Interna, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa Answer the following as true (T) or false (F). _T___ 1. Systolic pressure is the maximum force (or pressure) within the ventricles when the contract. _T___ 2. An ECG is the same thing as an EKG. _T___ 3. The volume of blood is about 8% of a person’s body weight. _F___ 4. Blood pressure increases when a person becomes dehydrated. _F___ 5. Blood pressure decreases as blood viscosity increases. _T___ 6. Peripheral resistance of blood and blood vessels affects blood pressure. _T___7. Hormones, diet, temperature and the kidneys can influence blood pressure. _F___ 8. A pulse is the result of a vein contracting and relaxing near the skin’s surface. _T___ 9. Varicose veins tend to occur in people who have jobs where they stand often, but also may be genetic. _F___ 10. Veins have more smooth muscle than arteries. _T___ 11. If a body structure (organ) requires a lot of oxygen, there will be a lot of capillaries present. _F___ 12. A stethoscope is the main instrument doctors use to determine blood pressure. _T___ 13. A heart murmur is the result of a leaky valve. _T___ 14. The function of the cardiovascular system is to transport oxygen and nutrients while circulating blood. _F___ 15. A person goes to the doctor for a physical. During this appointment, the doctor checks the patient’s vital signs. These should include: blood pressure, pulse, body temperature, and weight & height. _T___ 16. The autonomic nervous system regulates the heart. _T___ 17. The heart is divided by a septum.