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Do Now – Name them bones! • Without your notes, use the card given to you and attach it to where it belongs on the skeleton. • The bones to identify: • 1. Sternum 7. Mandible • 2. Tibia 8. Phalanges • 3. Fibula • 4. Ulnar • 5. Pelvis • 6. Clavicle Homework • Homework 1. Read the GM Seed lab write up. Write up the following: a. Write the purpose b. Procedure c. Materials used d. Hypothesis – what you think will happen 2. Read, summarize and define from pages 928-929 the muscular system 3. Quiz on Friday on anything covered since returning from break Review • Explain the three types of levers found in the body and give an example of each. Review • Cartilage is the soft cushion between bones • Cartilage does NOT contain blood vessels. It relies on the surrounding tissue for the blood supply. This is partly why when people have a knee injury it can be difficult because the doctor will remove the torn cartilage which means there is less cartilage for protection / cushion. New Material • Cartilage eventually will form (most but not all) hard bone in a process called ossification. • Osteoblasts – cells that start off as cartilage and will eventually form bone known as osteocytes. • These osteocytes keep the minerals flowing and continue to strengthen the bone. New Material • Bone grow from the middle out. The end of the bones contain the softer cartilage to protect the bones (acting as cushions) and allowing for greater movement. • The growth plate is the end of the bones. Around 18 these epiphyseal plates will eventually harden. This is why when punch walls and break bones, doctors are concerned if the fracture will interrupt the growth plate. • If interrupted then growth stops. Not good if a young child. New Material • When a person breaks a bone, the bone repairs itself because the bone never stops regenerating. • Osteoclasts helps to break down bone minerals so that the bones can make use of the minerals • People with osteoporosis which is a weakening of the bone. More common in women. Often the bone becomes brittle enough that they fall and cause a break. New Material • Can someone be double jointed? • No. a Joint is where two or more bones form. For example your elbow (aka Olecranon Process). • The types of joints found in the human body: • Immoveable Joints – No movement allowed for example the skull • Slightly moveable – Joints within your spinal column. They have small amount of movement New Material • Finally, free moving joints. Have movement in two or more directions. • Structure of joints – made up of muscle, ligaments, & tendons. • The inner layer of the joint is known as the synovial cavity. Sometimes there is a fluid filled sac called a bursa. It acts like a wheel on a pulley. The muscle being the rope and the bursa being the wheel. New Material • Types of joints: • 1. Hinge joint – like that of a door • 2. Ball & socket joint – where the ball fits into a pocket such as the head of the femur into the pelvis / hip. • 3. Saddle joint • 4. Pivot joint New Material • Why are knee injuries common? • The knee supports the entire body and really only has four ligaments to keep it from moving too far forward, backward, inward and outward. • When the knee is stretched beyond its limits it will tear. • The constant running and pounding of the knee can lead to various conditions such as tendonitis, bursitis,… • What is bursitis? • Remember itis = inflammation of New Material • Why are knee injuries common? • The knee supports the entire body and really only has four ligaments to keep it from moving too far forward, backward, inward and outward. • When the knee is stretched beyond its limits it will tear. • The constant running and pounding of the knee can lead to various conditions such as tendonitis, bursitis,… • What is bursitis? • Remember itis = inflammation of