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Classification Notes Main Idea Classification 7 levels of Classification History Details The ___________ of organisms based on ___________________ Allows us to study _____________________ between species Helps us to assign ____________ to organisms K_________________________ P_________________________ C_________________________ O_________________________ F_________________________ G________________________ S_________________________ *largest to smallest* King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup __________________: the science of naming and classifying organisms Aristotle: classified organisms into ______ groups _____________________ and ____________________ Today we have 6 Kingdoms (biggest!!!) A_____________________ prokaryotes, unicellular most ancient E_____________________ Prokaryotes, unicellular , most modern bacteria P ____________________ Eukaryotes, most unicellular some multi autotrophs and heterotrophs F_________________ fungi eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs P_________________ eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs A________________eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs Always Eat Peas Fresh Peas Always Carlous Linnaeus *KNOW HIS NAME Swedish botanist that developed the naming system for classifying organisms. Use ____________ and ______________ characteristics to classify organisms Binomial Nomenclature System used universally for naming organisms. Each name consists of _______ words (_____________ and _____________) First word is __________________ Second word is lower case Both words written in ______________ Example Ursus arctos- Scientific name ( )( ) Label the parts Common Name: Grizzly Bear How are organisms 1. Structural similarities placed in groups? 2. potential to mate 3. geographic distribution 4. chromosome # and structure 5. biochemistry- DNA base sequences 6. Evolutionary relationships in fossil record Dichotomous Key Chart of paired statements used to identify an organism Example is like a scavenger hunt of words Practice worksheet Kingdoms Breakdown Kingdom Animalia Animals are: 1. ________________ 2. Eukaryotic 3. ________________ 4. Cells lack cell ________ Kingdom Animalia Invertebrates – animals with no ____________________ or vertebral column Vertebrate vs. Vertebrates- animals with a _________________ or vertebral column invertebrate Kingdom animalia Radial – as cutting the radius of a circle Body symmetry and body terms Bilateral – taking two sides down the middle Asymmetry - 4 quadrants of an irregular shape Anterior- front end Posterior- back end Dorsal- upper side Ventral – lower side Cephalization- concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at anterior ( _______ ) end of body. Quick Quiz If an animal cell were viewed under a microscope what organelles would not be present in the cell? Quiz answer? Kingdom Animalia PHYLA: Poriera Phylum Porifera ( the __________________) Porifera means “ pore- bearing” Main features: 1. _________________ of all animals 2. only _______ cell layers – no tissues, organs or systems 3. Sometimes considered a colony of ________. 4. Filter feeders 5. ______________ (attached to surface) 6. Can reproduce _________________ or _____________ by budding Examples: Quick Quiz Kingdom Animalia PHYLUM Cnidaria Quick Quiz- Why are sponges classified into the Animal Kingdom? Examples – Jellyfish, anemones, corals, hydra and man o wars Main features: 1. Stinging cells called ______________________ found on tentacles 2. Two cell layers plus jelly like layer 3. two forms _______________ tentacles hang down and ________ tentacles project upward 4. _______________ symmetry 5. Hollow gut 6. _____ opening- mouth and anus Quick Quiz Quiz-What is the name of the stinging cells on all cnidarians? Kingdom Animalia PHYLUM Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Examples: tapeworms and planaria Main features: 1.________________ cell layers 2. No body cavity 3. One opening 4. Longitudingal muscles 5. _______________ symmetry Kingdom Animalia PHYLUM: Nematoda Roundworms Examples: hook worms, guinea worms Main features: 1. Have 3 cell layers 2. Has pseudocoelom or ______________ body cavity 3. have a complete digestive tract with ______ openings mouth and anus 4. Longitudinal muscles run the length of their bodies 5. ___________________ symmetry 6. Numerous in __________ and terrible human ________________ Kingdom Animalia PHYLUM: Annelida Segmented worms Examples: Earth worms, leeches, tubeworms Main characteristics: 1. 3 cell layers 2. True ______________ (body cavity) 3. 2 openings – complete _______________________ tract 4. Longitudinal muscles and circular muscles Kingdom Animalia PHYLUM: Mollusca Kingdom Animalia PHYLUM: Arthropoda 5. _______________ symmetry 6. Small brain and closed circulatory system. Dissection Examples: clams, oysters, snails , slugs, octopus and squid Characterisitics: Have _________ bodies with internal or external ________________. Three groups: 1. __________________ shell less or single shell (snails and slugs) 2. __________________ 2 shells held together by a muscle (clams, oysters, mussels and scallops) 3.___________________ soft bodied in which the head is attached to the foot. Goot is divided into tentacles (squid, ocotopus and nautilus) Examples: crabs and lobsters, spiders and scorpions, centipeds and millipedes, insects. Main Features: Body ___________ Jointed _____________________ Hard ________________ Most have specialized appendages (claws, antennae, legs, wings, swimmerets) Growth – Molting or loss of ___________________ to allow organism to grow. ____________________________means change. Cycle that many arthropods go through as they change from egg to adult. Quick Quiz What 3 characteristics do all arthropods share? Groups of Arthropods Crustaceans: crabs, shrimp lobsters, crayfish, barnacles ___________ spiders, ticks scorpions Kingdom Animalia PHYLUM: Echinodermataspiny skinned _____________ insects, centipedes, millipedes. Examples starfish, sea cucmbers, sea urchins and sand dollars Characteristics: ________________ symmetry Havea water _________________ system for movement and ____________ Hold on to rocks and structures with tube feet Quick Quiz How do echinoderms move and obtain food? Kingdom Animalia PHYLUM: Chordata All chordates have the following traits at some point in their life: Dorsal ____________ nerve cord Notochord Pharyngeal _________________ often called gill slits in fish but not the same for mammals. _________ that extends beyond the anus Chordates include: Non vertebrate- tunicates and lancelets Quick quiz Kingdom Animalia CLASS-Agnatha Jawless Fish Kingdom Animalia CLASSchrondrichthyescartilaginous fish Vertebrate Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Name the kingdom and phylum to which all vertebrates belong? No appendages or jaws Most ancient fish Examples _______________ and _______________ Are _____________________ 2 chamber heart Stream lined bodies for fast swimming Flat bodies for _____________ dwelling Small ______ like scales Body made of cartliage Examples: ____________, skates, _____ Mostly ______________ some filter feeders. Kingdom Animalia CLASSOsteichthyes- Bony fish Bony scales _______ swim bladder that helps them _________ up and down Bony skeleton Examples: bass, trout, catfish, seahorse Heterotrophs: carnivores and ________________ Kingdom Animalia CLASS- Amphibia Amphibia means “_________ life” Moist skin ________ lungs (evolved from swim bladder) Must have water to _____________ __________________ fertilization (egg and sperm unite _________ the body) Metamorphosis ___________ to water (webbed feet, flat _______, no claws, some even have ________) Cold blooded (body temperature varies with the envrionment 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle) Examples: Frog, toad, salamander and newt Quick Quiz What is the difference between internal and external fertilization? What characteristic do fish and amphibians share? Kingdom Animalia CLASS: Reptilia Examples: snakes turtles lizards and crocs / alligators First group fully __________________ to life on __________ Dry scaly skin (_________ proof) 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle) Lay _________________ egg ______________ egg that won’t dry out. Own water supply ______________________ fertilization Need little water to survive __________ blooded. Quick Quiz Name on similarity and one difference between amphibians and reptiles. Kingdom Animalia CLASS: Aves- birds Evolved from ______________ (note the scaly feet) Scales became _________________________. Feathers allow birds to be ____________ blooded (constant body temperature) Lay _____________ eggs Adapted for flight (beaks, feathers, wings, hollow bones, air sacs, strong flight muscles) 4 chambered heart Kingdom Animalia Characteristics of ALL mammals CLASS: Mammalia- Have ___________ or _____ bats, dogs, whales _________their young with _______ from mammary glands (thus etc “____________”) Most bear young live but some lay eggs Are ________ blooded Most complex of all animals 4 chambered heart. 3 major groups of mammals 1. Monotremes (______ eggs) Lays _______ shelled eggs that are __________ outside the boyd Egg hatches into young in about 10 days Young is nourished by milk from mother Examples: duck billed playtypus and 2 different species of spiny anteaters or echignads 2. ___________________ - kangaroos, koalas, wombats Bear live young that completes ______________________ in pouch Egg is noursihed by small yolk sac in mother’s reproductive tract. When food in yolk sac is used up ____________ leaves mother’s inslide and crawls to the marsupium and spends several months there getting milk. 3. Placental Mammals-rodents, primates elephants Nutrients ______________, carbon dioxide and other wastes are exchanged between embryo and mother through the placenta _____________________ allows young to develp for a ___________ time inside the mother. KINGDOM PLANTAE _____________________ Characteristics Eukaryotes ___________________ carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll Cell ________ made of cellulose Alteration of Generations ______________________haploid produces _______ (close to the ground) _____________________diploid produces spores (dominant stage for all plants except moss – top of plant) Non-vascular plants- plants that _______ _______ have tubes to carry ________ and nutrients thoughout the plant. Vascular plants- plants that have _______ to carry water and nutrients from ______ to ________ _____________carries water from root to leaf ____________carries food from leaf to root Types of plants __________________ need water to _____________ Lack vascular tissue Mosses- usually 1-2cm in height “leaves” one cell thick No roots - __________________ anchor to the ground “_____________” gametophyte stage or dominant stage Thin brown stalk and capsule –sporophyte stage for _____________reproduction Other examples:Hornworts, liverworts Seedless Vascular Examples: Whish ferns, _______ mosses, horsetails and __________. Plants 1st vascular plants Have roots, stems leaves and _________ Vascular seed plants Gymnosperms and ______________________ Seed plants are called _____________________________ do not require water for reproduction so can live almost anywhere __________ is an embryo surrounding by a seed coat Bears seed directly on cones – “naked seeds” Ferns- reproducd by ______________ Large leaves or fronds divided into leaflets Underground _______________ - rhizomes Found in ____________ and moist envrionments Cydads- _______________ cones Ginkgoes- only one ________ species left Ginkgo Biloba Fan like leaves from China Conifers- examples ___________,firs, spruces, junipers, cedars, most evergreen and leaves are needle like. Angiosperms- ________________________ plants. 2 classes 1. monocots- one cotyledon (seed leaf)- leaves parallel veins- flowers petals often in multiples of three- examples – lilies, orchids, grasses, grain crops 2. dicots – two cotyledons- leaves branched veins- flowers petals often in multiples of 4 or 5- examples- roses, peas, sunflowers, oaks and maples Three organs plants Annuals: complete life cycle in _________ year ____________: complete life cycle in _____ years ____________: complete life cycle in ________ years principle 1. ____________: absorb __________, dissolve _________ and __________ the of seed plant 2. _______________ support plant, transports ____________ and _________. Leaves Reproduction in Seed plants 3. _______________: carry out ____________________________ Absorb _________ and carry out _____________________ The bladse are thin flattened part of the leaf ___________ is the stalk that attaches to the stem Mesophyll: _____________________ ground tissue packed with _______________________________. ______________: pore like openings in the leaf that allow ___________ ______________ and _____________ to diffuse in and out of leaf. Guard Cells: open and close the __________ _______________________________: loss of water through the leaves of a plant _______________waxy covereing around the outside of the leaf. Unlike ferns and mosses seed plants don’t need _______________ to reproduce. Seed plants rely on _______ and ____________ to disperse the seeds Reproduction in angiosperms Flower- ________________ organ in angiosperms Perfect flower- contains both ___________ and _____________ parts Imperfect flower – contains only ___________ or _____________parts Parts of a flower Parts of the flower ________________ often brightly colored to attract pollinators (_________ and _______) Sepal: ______________________ part , green leaf like structure at bottom of flower. Male parts : __________________ male reproductive organ that has a filament – thin stalk that supports the anter Anther: sac where _______________ grains are produced Pollen: ________________ Steps of life of a plant: 1. Pollination by wind (gymnosperms) or animals (angiosperms) 2. ____________________ early growth stage of plant embryo: seed absorbs MICROORGANISMS Viruses Structure of a virus water and seed coat cracks 3. Seed and fruit development- as seeds mature the ovary wall thickens and joins with other parts of the flower to form a fruit that encloses the developing seeds. ___________ and enlarged ovary ____________ have seeds unless they have been GE Parts of fruit ____________________ or skin ____________________ or flesh ___________________ hard pit wall _____________________or inside cotyledons of seed Virus, _____________, ________________ and Fungus Virus is a particle of ____________ ______, protein and sometimes _________ that can _______________________ only by _________________ a living cell Viruses are NOT cells and are NOT made of cells therefore not living 1. Do not __________ have no life span 2. Do not use ______________ 3. Can _____________ only in a host Composed of nucleic acid (______ or ______) surrounded by a protein coat (____________) Capsids allow them to attach only to _______________ cells Label picture Examples of viruses 1. _______________________ is a virus that infects a bacteria. Example Adenovirus or the ________________ __________. 2. Influenza Virus- this virus has a __________________ around it which contains ______________ it changes and mutates thus providing new strains of the flu 3. Papillomavirus- one of the cancer causing viruses- now have a vaccine 4. HIV – the __________ virus. The capsid is currounded by a ______________ capsule with ______________ embedded in it. HIV is an RNA virus that mutates rapidly. 5. ______________ virus- notice the shepard’s hook on the end Quick quiz Is a virus big or small compared to a cell and bacterium? Lytic infection Virus attaches to a _____ enters and ______________ causing the cell to burst open and die. Lysogenic cycle A virus ___________ it’s DNA into the ____ of the host cell Each time the host cell replicated its _____ it also replicates the DNA of the virus. Can remain ______________ or (__________________________) for years then reoccur Examples: herpes and shingles Viruses _________________ be treated with antibiotics- medicine Body’s ____________ blood cells must produce antibodies to fight off infection. Can get a ____________ for a virus _______________: injecting dead or weakened pathogens into the body that causes the body to fight off infection and build up immunity to it. Characteristics: ________________ Cell __________ Some have ___________ No _____________ or membrane bound organelles _________________! Divided into ____ kingdoms: Archeabacteria and ____________________ Virus treatments BACTERIA Reproduction Most reproduce __________ by ____________ fission- process in which one cell divides into two genetically _________________ cells. Some reproduce ________ by _________________: transfer of genetic information from one cell to another by a hollow bridge called a ___________ ArcheabacteriaLive in ___________ environments- often salty areas ocean and ___________ ancient bacteria Usually need no _____________ Look similar to _________ but on difference they lack ___________________- a carbohydrate found in the cell wall of Eubacteria Examples: methanogens – produce methane gas Thermoacidophiles- love acid and grow in high temperatures Eubacteriatrue Live almost _______________ soil, humans bacteria Larger of the 2 kingdoms in number not in size Surrounded by ______ ______ that contains ___________________ a carb Identifying Bacteria are identified according to: Prokaryotes 1. ____________ 2. the chemical nature of their ______ walll 3. the way they _______ 4. the way they _____________ _______________ 3 shapes: 1. _________ rod 2. __________- spherical or circle 3. ___________- spiral or cork screw shaped May be found as single cells, pairs clusters or chains. The way they move: motile vs non- motile 1. ______________ long whip like tail 2. ___________ tiny hair like projections 3. ___________ motility The way they obtain energy 1.________________________ carries out photosynthesis similar to plants 2.________________________ obtain energy directly from inorganic molecules 3.________________________ can make own food bu also need to take in food from other sources. The way they release energy 1. ________________ aerobes- require oxygen 2. Obligate _______________: do nto need oxygen 3. Facultative Anaerobes: can survive _____ or ___________ oxygen. Examples Bacillus antrhracis- Anthrax rod shaped Salmonella- causes typhoid fever Streptococcus pnumoniae- causes pnuemonia Treponema pallidum- spiral bacterium causes syphilis Borrelia burgdorferi- causes lyme disease Neisseria gonorrhoeae- causes gonorrhea a common STD Mycobacterium leprae- causes leprosy Controlling Bacteria _________________ heating and removing air __________________ heating milk _________________ slows growth __________________remove water _________________fight infection Importance Bacterial of Decomposer Nitrogen fixation Food production Medicine production Kingdom PROTISTA _____________ cell contains nucleus and organlles Most _____________ some multi ________________ or _______________ 3 groups 1. animal like 2. plant like 3. fungus like Animal like Protists Called _____________ Plant like protists Fungus like protists Largest group Unicellular Reproduce by binary fission (__________________) Classified by how they move 1. pseudopods= _____________ use psuedopods to move and get food by surrounding it into a vacuole 2. cilia= ______________ found in ponds and streams. Cilia sweep food into the mouth like opening. 3. flagella= _______________________ live in large bodies of water and organisms 4. do not move= _________________ example plasmodium –live as parasites reproduce by spores. Have cell _____ Have _____________________ Unicellular or ______________ autotrophs Classified according to their ________________ Euglenophytes: freshwater has an ____________ and eyespot Diatom: live in salt water makes ____________________ Dinoflagellate: live in salt water ____ or __________ algae ____________ algae: volvox and kelp _________________ Grow in _____ nutrient rich environments ______________________ 2 groups 1. ___________ molds 2. ___________ molds Kingdom FUNGI _______________ Heterotrophs Cell wall made of ________ found in external skeleton of insects crunch! Examples: 1. Mushrooms 2. Molds 3. Yeasts Feeding for Fungi 1._______________ get nutrients from ______ remains of organisms- similar to scavenger 2._______________: break down and absorb nutrients from ________ organisms 3. _______________ live on or near a host and feed off the host Structure function and Body of fungi is made of ______________ tangled together into thick mass called _____________. Mycelium: similar to a root system that absorbs food easily because it covers a large surface area. _____________ body the part fo the fungi that you see growing from the ground. Reproductive structure. Reproduction fungi in Can reproduce ________________ and ___________________ Sexual: when hyphae of 2 organisms meet and form gametes Asexually: 1. __________________ pieces of hyphae break off the mycelium and grow into new mycelia 2. _______________ mitosis occurs and new individual pinches off from parent 3. ___________ small reporductive clel that scatters on ground and grows into new hyphae. Fungal relationships THE END Lichen: ___________________ relationship between fungus and algae. Mycorrhizae: mutualistic relationship between funugs and ______________ 4 phyla 1. Zygomycota- _____________ molds- cheese, bread- reproduce sex and asex by spores 2. Ascomycota- _________ fungi- cup fungi, yeast, morels- reproduce sex and asex by spores 3. Basidiomycota- Club fungi- mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns- reproduce sex by 2 sportes meeting to form a _____________. 4. Deuteromycota- _____________________ fungi- penicillium mold – reproduction no known sexual stage in life cycle. GOOD LUCK ON THE EOC!!!!!!!
