Download Organ System Level

Chapter 1
The Human
Organism
Cells of the Peritoneum
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Anatomy and Physiology
•
Anatomy is the study of the structures of
the body
– Systemic anatomy is the study of the body
by organ systems
– Regional anatomy is the study of the body
by areas
– Surface anatomy uses superficial structures
to locate deeper structures
•
Physiology is the study of the processes
and functions of the body
Structural and Functional Organization
•
Six Levels of Organization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chemical Level
Cell Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organism Level
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level
Atoms (colored
balls) combine to
form molecules
2. Cell Level
Molecules form
organelles, such as
the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
3. Tissue Level
Similar cells and
surrounding
materials make up
tissues
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level
Atoms (colored
balls) combine to
form molecules
2. Cell Level
Molecules form
organelles, such as
the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
3. Tissue Level
Similar cells and
surrounding
materials make up
tissues
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level
Atoms (colored
balls) combine to
form molecules
2. Cell Level
Molecules form
organelles, such as
the nucleus and
mitochondria, which
make up cells
3. Tissue Level
Similar cells and
surrounding
materials make up
tissues
Structural and Functional Organization
4. Organ Level Different
tissues combine to
form organs, such as
the urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems make
up an organism
Structural and Functional Organization
4. Organ Level
Different tissues
combine to form
organs, such as the
urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems make
up an organism
Structural and Functional Organization
4. Organ Level
Different tissues
combine to form
organs, such as the
urinary bladder
5. Organ System Level
Organs such as the
urinary bladder and
kidneys make up an
organ system
6. Organism Level
Organ systems make
up an organism
Organ
systems of
the human
body and
their
associated
organs
Fig. 1.3a
Organ
systems of
the human
body and
their
associated
organs
Fig. 1.3b
Characteristics of Life
1. Organization: all parts of an organism interact to
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
perform specific functions
Metabolism: the chemical and physical changes
taking place in an organism
Responsiveness: adjustments that maintain their
internal environment
Growth: increase in size of all or part of the
organism
Development: changes an organism undergoes
through time
Reproduction: formation of new cells or new
organisms
Homeostasis
• Existence and maintenance of a relatively
constant internal environment
– set point is the ideal normal value (body
temperature)
• normal range is the fluctuation around set point
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is maintained by negative
and positive feedback mechanisms
– Negative feedback turns off the original
stimulus
– Positive feedback enhances and up-regulates
the initial stimulus (is usually harmful to the
body)
Terminology and Body Plane
• Body Positions
– Anatomical position
• human standing erect with the face directed
forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the
palms facing forward
– Supine – person laying face up
– Prone – person laying face down
Terminology and Body Plane
• Directional terms
– Always refer to anatomical position
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Right
Left
Superior
Inferior
Cephalic
Caudal
Anterior
Posterior
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ventral
Dorsal
Proximal
Distal
Lateral
Medial
Superficial
Deep
Body Parts and Regions
Fig. 1.11
Body Parts and Regions
Fig. 1.12
Body Planes
• Sagittal plane: divides
the body into left and
right parts
• Transverse plane:
divides the body into
superior and inferior
parts
• Frontal (coronal) plane:
divides the body into
anterior and posterior
parts
Fig. 1.13
Organ Planes
• Longitudinal section:
along its long axis
• Cross (transverse)
section: right angle to
the long axis
• Oblique section:
across the long axis at
an angle other than a
right angle
Fig. 1.14
Body Cavities
•
•
•
Thoracic cavity: bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm
Abdominal cavity: bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles
Pelvic cavity: surrounded by the pelvic bones
Fig. 1.15
Serous Membranes
• Parietal membrane: lines the wall of the cavity
• Visceral membrane: is in contact with the internal organs
• Serous fluid: secreted by the serous membrane and
protects organs against friction
Serous Membranes
• Pericardial cavity:
surrounds the heart
• Pleural cavities:
surround the lungs
Serous Membranes
• Peritoneal cavity:
surrounds certain
abdominal and pelvic
organs
– Mesenteries hold the
abdominal organs in place
and provide a passageway
for blood vessels and
nerves to organs
– Retroperitoneal organs are
located “behind” the parietal
peritoneum