Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Rosetta Stone wikipedia , lookup
Egyptian language wikipedia , lookup
Animal mummy wikipedia , lookup
Egyptian hieroglyphs wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Prehistoric Egypt wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian race controversy wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Egyptian religion wikipedia , lookup
Section 2 Nile Civilizations Egyptian Culture Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Egyptian Religion • Mummification and Burial • Daily Life • Art, Writing, and Science Section 2 Nile Civilizations Egyptian Culture Main Idea The ancient Egyptians are famous for their religion, their burial practices, and their advances in art, writing and science. Reading Focus • What were the main principles of Egyptian religion? • Why did Egyptians practice mummification and burial? • What was daily life like in ancient Egypt? • What advances did Egyptians make in art, writing and science? Section 2 Nile Civilizations Egyptian Religion Egyptians worshipped many gods • Some from the earliest days of the ______________________ • Others like ________________ added later • Believed that gods controlled all natural events Chief gods and goddesses • God of sun always a key figure, _________________________ • Later linked to sky god, _______, and known as ____________ • Sun god temple at ______________he largest ever built in Egypt Anubis Nile Civilizations Section 2 Osiris, Isis and Horus • _____________introduced civilization into Egypt • Brother ________ killed Osiris, scattered pieces of his body around Egypt • Wife _____________i reassembled pieces and brought Osiris back to life Hathor and Thoth • Osiris became new judge of dead _____________ • ___________was the cow-headed goddess of love • _____________was the god of wisdom • There were also local gods with power over small areas or single households Nile Civilizations Section 2 Temples and Religious Practices Temples built to honor, provide homes for gods Ruins can still be seen in Egypt • Features – Decorated with massive statues – Elaborate paintings, detailed carvings • Obelisks – Tall, thin pillars with pyramid-shaped tops – Made from single piece of stone – Carved with intricate designs Nile Civilizations Section 2 Temples and Religious Practices • Rituals to fulfill gods’ needs • Priests had responsibility for care Section 2 Nile Civilizations Analyze What religious practices did the Egyptians follow to honor their gods? Answer: . Section 2 Nile Civilizations Mummification and Burial Central to Egyptian religion was the belief in an afterlife, a land of the dead where souls would go to live. Because of this belief, Egyptians developed elaborate rituals regarding death and burial. Teachings Mummification • Physical body dies, releases ______ • Developed process to prevent breakdown of body • Ka: • Mummification: • Ka : • Process available later to any who could afford Process Section 2 Nile Civilizations Burial Possessions Pharaohs’ tombs Decorations Section 2 Nile Civilizations Summarize How did beliefs about the afterlife shape Egyptian burial practices? Answer(s): Section 2 Nile Civilizations Daily Life Burial Practices • Archeologists learned much from items buried in tombs • Also learned from images painted on tomb walls • Good picture of society, culture Social Structure Next Level Social Structure Top Layer • Highly layered, with pharaoh, then key officials, priests, priestesses, scribes, military leaders, doctors, landowners • All among wealthiest in Egypt Social Structure Bottom • Next level included artisans, craftspeople and merchants • 90% of society were peasant farmers • The people who made and sold goods used by others • Sometimes recruited to build large public works, pyramids • Recruited also for mines, army Section 2 Nile Civilizations Daily Life Slaves • Slaves were not a large part of the population • Most convicted criminals or prisoners of war • More slaves in New Kingdom Home and Family Life • Varied from class to class • Pharaohs had more than one wife, most men only one • Pharaohs married sisters to keep royal blood pure Status • Egyptian society less rigid than other ancient civilizations • Possible to move up in society • Becoming scribe the fastest way to gain status Houses • Most lived as family units with father as head of household • Poor families lived in huts • Rich families had brick homes • Noble families lived in palaces Section 2 Nile Civilizations Daily Life Women and Children Appearance and Customs • Woman’s primary duty to care for home and children • Egyptians paid close attention to their appearance • Egyptian women had more rights, could work outside home • Many shaved heads, wore wigs, as well as perfume and makeup • Could be priestess, own property, divorce husband • Clothing of linen and wool • Few children educated • Played with wooden toys • Children wore no clothes until adolescence • Enjoyed sports, fishing, sailing and board games Section 2 Nile Civilizations Contrast How did life differ for rich and poor Egyptians? Answer(s): Section 2 Nile Civilizations Art, Writing, and Science Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted more than 2,000 years and made many tremendous advances, particularly in art, literature and science. Egyptian Art • Very distinctive and easily distinguished from art of other ancient civilizations • Paintings – – – – Detailed and colorful Stories of gods Pictures of daily life Most on walls of tombs, temples – Some in manuscripts Egyptian Statues • Statues – Large, imposing – Most show gods, pharaohs – Show power and majesty • Great Sphynx, the largest and most famous Section 2 Nile Civilizations Egyptian Writing The Egyptians were prolific writers who recorded events in great detail and composed beautiful songs and stories. However, before they could create even the simplest tale, they needed a system of writing. Hieroglyphics • The main Egyptian writing system • Uses picture symbols to represent objects Other Systems • Two other systems for texts that needed to be written more quickly • Hieratic, religious texts • formal writing, stone monuments, religious texts • Demotic, legal and literary writings • Difficult to learn, time consuming • Made on wood, pottery and papyrus • Simpler and less attractive Egyptians used the pulp of the papyrus plant that grew along the Nile to make paperlike sheets. Many papyrus scrolls are still readable today. Section 2 Nile Civilizations Egyptian Writing Historians could not decipher hieroglyphs • Rosetta Stone • Same text in hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek Nile Civilizations Egyptian Math Egyptian Science Section 2 Section 2 Nile Civilizations Find the Main Idea What advances did the ancient Egyptians make in art, writing, and science? Answer: