Download LAB 5: SKELETAL SYSTEM (APPENDICULAR SKELETON) AND

Biology 143
LAB 5:
Lab 5
5-1
SKELETAL SYSTEM (APPENDICULAR SKELETON)
AND ARTICULATIONS
In this lab you will continue to study the skeletal system.
appendicular skeleton and associated articulations (joints)
The focus of this lab is the
Prelab
•
•
•
Complete p 1, 5, 9, 13-16, 21-22, 25, 27
Complete the flashcards by identifying the labeled structures on p 3, 7, 11, 17, 19
Label the diagram of the knee on p. 23
Objectives
1. the names of the bones and the bone landmarks (bumps and depressions), as indicated
for each bone
2. the location of the bones in the body, and the structural relevance of the landmarks
3. identify bone landmarks on the body surface by palpation
4. the difference between left and right bones in the appendicular skeleton
5. the names of the joints (articulations) and their structural / functional classification
Learning the skeletal system in detail will require continual review. Refer to the flash
cards, locate the bones and landmarks on your own body, handle the bones in the lab.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The appendicular skeleton consists of the
__________________________ girdle and the arm bones
__________________________ girdle and the leg bones
Review the bones of both the axial and appendicular skeleton before beginning this lab
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Lab 5
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PART I : UPPER LIMB BONES
STATION 1
PECTORAL GIRDLE
Examine the scapula and clavicle both on the disarticulated and articulated skeletons. Note
the "landmarks" (specific bumps and depressions) as requested.
1. Clavicle
•
Acromial end (flat)
•
Sternal end (cone shaped)
NOTE: Inferior surface is rougher than superior
2. Scapula
Identify the following on the bones and label on the diagrams; palpate structures
indicated with a * on your body or your lab partner’s body
•
Spine: Site of attachments of trapezius and deltoid muscles, laterally becomes
acromion process. *
•
Supraspinous fossa: supraspinatus muscle arises from this area.
•
Infraspinous fossa: infraspinatus muscle arises from this area
•
Acromion process: tip of the shoulder (no muscle) *
•
Coracoid process: three muscles attach here. - coracobrachialis, pectoralis minor,
short head of the biceps brachii.
•
Glenoid fossa: head of the humerus fits here.
NOTE: practice differentiating left from right scapulae.
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STATION 2
ARM / FOREARM
1. Humerus
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Head: articulates with _________________ of scapula
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Surgical neck: common fracture site.
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Greater tubercle: 3 rotator cuff muscles attach here.
•
Lesser tubercle: subscapularis muscle inserts here.
•
Intertubercular groove: for the tendon of biceps brachii (see orthopaedic skeleton
and shoulder joint model)
•
Deltoid tuberosity: deltoid muscle inserts at this site. *
•
Medial epicondyle: origin of flexor muscle group of forearm. *
•
Lateral epicondyle: origin of extensor muscle group in forearm. *
•
Trochlea: (means "pulley") articulates with ulna.
•
Capitulum: articulates with radius
2. Ulna
Identify:
•
Olecranon process: triceps brachii inserts here. (forms the “elbow”) *
•
Trochlear notch: articulates with trochlea of humerus.
•
Styloid process of ulna: surface landmark *
3. Radius.
Identify:
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Head: articulates with capitulum of humerus.
•
Neck: held to the ulna by an annular ligament.
•
Radial tuberosity: biceps brachii insets here.
•
Styloid process of radius: surface landmark. *
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HAND
Carpal, metacarpal and phalanx bones make up the carpus (wrist), metacarpus (palm), and
phalanges (fingers) of the hand.
1. Carpal Bones: (carpals)
There are a total of eight carpal bones, you are NOT responsible for differentiating the
individual carpal bones.
What is the classification (as to shape) of these bones? _________________________
NOTE: The scaphoid and lunate bones articulate with the radius, so, in a fall on the
hands (using the hands to break a forward fall) the force of a sudden stop is almost
directly placed on these two bones. Thus, of all the carpals, these are the ones most
commonly fractured.
2. Metacarpals
These bones form the palm of your hand. They are numbered from lateral to medial (in
anatomical position).
Locate
•
•
•
metacarpals 1 through 5 on the articulated hand
the base of each metacarpal
the distal head of each metacarpal
What is the classification (as to shape) of these bones)? ________________________
3. Phalanges. (singular: phalanx)
Numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb) to medial, like the metacarpals. Note that the thumb
has only proximal and distal phalanges while all the fingers have proximal, middle and
distal phalanges.
Locate:
•
•
the proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb (I proximal phalanx and I distal
phalanx)
II, III, IV, and V proximal, middle and distal phalanges
What is the anatomical term for the thumb?
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STATION 3
JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB
Examine the shoulder and elbow joint models and the articulated arm and locate the
following.
i)
Glenohumeral joint
•
articulating surfaces of the meeting bones:
the ________________________ of the scapula articulates with
the ________________________ of the humerus
ii) Elbow joint
Examine the following articulating points. Of the 2 bones of the forearm, the ulna
contributes most to movements at the elbow joint.
humeroulnar
•
trochlea of __________________ fits into trochlear notch of ________________
radiohumeral
•
capitulum of ________________ glides over superior surface of the head of the
radius
iii) Radioulnar joint
The radius and ulna articulate with each other both proximally and distally at small
radioulnar joints, and are connected along their length by a flexible interosseous
membrane (see photo). In anatomical position, the radius lies laterally (on the
thumb side) and the ulna lies medially (supinated position). When the hand is
rotated so the palm faces posteriorly (pronated position), the radius crosses over the
ulna and the two bones form an X.
TRY THIS: Place the index finger and thumb of the right hand on the edges of the
radius and ulna (about half way up the forearm). Now, rotate the forearm so you
switch from supination to pronation. Can you feel the two bones cross over one
another?
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PART II : LOWER LIMB BONES
STATION 4
PELVIC GIRDLE: COXAL BONES
Coxal bones - from the Latin: Ossa coxae (hip bones)
Each of the coxal bones starts out as three separate bones which are separated by
cartilage until about age 14 then gradually fuse until, by approximately age twenty-two, they
become one bone.
Name the 3 bones that make up each coxal bone:
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Identify the following structures on the coxal bones:
•
iliac crest - easily found on yourself (*locate by palpation)
•
iliac fossa - large muscles arise here
•
acetabulum – What bone articulates here? ________________________________
•
ischial tuberosity - you sit on them (muscles of the hamstring group originate here)
•
obturator foramen – a large nerve runs through this hole
•
symphyseal surface - joins with opposite pubic bone to form the pubic symphysis
CONSIDER: Is the pelvic bone you are examining a left or right coxal bone?
___________
Is the skeleton at station 10 male or female? _____________________________
COMPARE THE MALE VS FEMALE PELVISES:
Describe 4 ways in which the female pelvis differs from the male pelvis:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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STATION 5
LEG BONES
1. Femur
Identify the following structures on the femur:
•
head - articulates with _________________________ of hip
•
neck - often a site of fracture
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greater trochanter - insertion site for gluteus medius and minimus and deep
lateral rotator muscles
•
lesser trochanter - site of attachment for iliopsoas muscle
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gluteal tuberosity - where gluteus maximus inserts
•
patellar surface - where patella articulates
•
medial femoral condyle *
•
lateral femoral condyle *
CONSIDER: The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body. It is secured in the
acetabulum by a ligament (ligamentum teres) arising from a small pit (the fovea
capitis) in the center of the ball-like head of the femur
How do you differentiate a right femur from a left femur?
________________________________________________________________
2. Patella
The patella protects the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the thigh
muscles. The patella also prevents friction from occurring where the quadriceps tendon
crosses the joint.
How would you classify the patella by shape?__________________________________
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3. Tibia
Be able to identify right from left tibias by noting the following (structures indicated with an
asterisk, you should be able to palpate):
•
lateral tibial condyle *
•
medial tibial condyle *
•
tibial tuberosity *
•
medial malleolus * (medial ‘ankle bone’)
4. Fibula
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head (articulates with what bone? ______________________________________)
•
lateral malleolus * (lateral ‘ankle bone’)
Why is the fibula thinner and smaller than the other leg bones?
______________________________________________________________________
(You are not responsible for distinguishing right from left fibulas).
BONES OF THE FEET
•
tarsals (ankle bones)
There are a total of 7 tarsal bones.
The only tarsal you need to know by name is the calcaneus (or ‘heel bone’):
•
metatarsals
- five, numbered 1 – 5 from the great toe
- locate the base and head of each metatarsal.
•
phalanges (singular: phalanx)
- there are only two phalanges (proximal and distal) in the great toe or hallux
(phalanx #1), and 3 in each of the other toes; a proximal, middle and distal phalanx.
CONSIDER: What structure makes up the ball of the foot?
______________________________________________________________________
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STATION 6
JOINTS OF THE LOWER LIMB
Using the skeleton, orthopaedic skeleton, joint models and diagrams, study the following joints
of the lower limb.
1. Pelvic Joints (articulated skeletons and male and female pelvises).
i)
Sacroiliac
Joint between ______________________ and ______________________of coxal bone
ii) Pubic Symphysis
The superior rami of both pubic bones join at their symphyseal surfaces with cartilage to
form the pubic symphysis
Classify this joint: ________________________________________________________
What type of cartilage forms this joint?
___________________________________
2. Hip Joint - refer to joint model, skeletons, and photographs.
Identify the following in the hip joint model :
•
acetabulum
•
head of the femur
•
ligaments reinforcing the capsule (three on each side)
In a typical ‘hip replacement’ surgery, what is actually replaced? ___________________
In a typical ‘hip fracture’ (common in elderly individuals with osteoporosis),
what bone is actually fractured? ________________________________
what part of this bone is vulnerable to fracture?_____________________
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3. Knee Joint - refer to knee joint model, articulated skeleton and photographs
Identify:
•
articular capsule
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medial meniscus
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lateral menisci
What type of cartilage forms the menisci? ____________________________________
The lateral and medial menisci function to ____________________________________
•
anterior cruciate ligaments
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posterior cruciate ligaments
The cruciate ligaments function to ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
•
medial (tibial) collateral ligament
stabilize joint medially and
•
lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
stabilize joint laterally
NOTE: Tendons of a number of muscles also reinforce the knee joint:
CONSIDER: The knee joint is the most complex joint in the body and is subject to more than
usual wear and tear due to the weight-bearing loads put on it throughout life.
THINK: Knee injury commonly occurs when an individual receives a blow to the lateral side
of the knee. What ligaments would most likely be torn in this type of injury?
_________________________________________________________________________
LABEL THE DIAGRAM OF THE KNEE JOINT WHICH FOLLOWS
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THE KNEE JOINT
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STATION 7
PART III. ARTICULATIONS (JOINTS)
When skeletal muscle contracts, bones move.
This movement occurs at joints or
articulations. Many different types of supportive connective tissues come together at joints.
JOINT CLASSIFICATION
Joints can be classified on the basis of the range of motion that occurs at the joint.
i)
Synarthoses (singular synarthrosis)
Define: _____________________________________________________________
ii)
Amphiarthroses (singular amphiarthrosis)
Define: _____________________________________________________________
iii)
Diarthroses (singular diarthrosis)
Define: _____________________________________________________________
Joints are also classified on the basis of structure ( how are bones held together and with
what tissues).
i)
Fibrous joints
Distinguish between the following
suture
____________________________________________________
syndesmosis
____________________________________________________
gomphosis
____________________________________________________
Examine a suture on the skull provided. Observe the interosseous membrane
between the radius and ulna
ii)
Cartilagenous joints
Distinguish between the following
synchondrosis
__________________________________________________
symphysis
__________________________________________________
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Synovial joints
Synovial joints are classified by the number of axes along which movement occurs.
Monaxial
_______________________________________________
Biaxial
________________________________________________
Triaxial
________________________________________________
Various names are used to describe the different types of synovial joints. Give 1
example of each of the following types of synovial joints
Planar (gliding) ___________________________________________________
Hinge
____________________________________________________
Pivot
____________________________________________________
Condylar (ellipsoidal) _____________________________________________
Saddle
____________________________________________________
Ball and socket __________________________________________________
JOINT ASSIGNMENT
Five joints have been labelled on the skeleton at this station. Complete the joint
assignment which was handed out at the beginning of class by classifying these 5
joints and completing the table provided. You and your lab partner(s) will hand
this assignment in for grading.
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STATION 8
SYNOVIAL JOINT STRUCTURE
The majority of joints are diarthrotic and synovial. Recall the basic structure of a synovial
joint:
Articular cartilage composed of ________________________tissue
Joint cavity filled with _____________________________________
Articular capsule composed of two layers:
Outer fibrous capsule composed of ______________________________tissue
Inner layer the _______________________ secretes ____________________
Recall the accessory structures by completing the following table:
structure
tissue
function
Ligaments
Tendons
Menisci
Fat pads
Bursa
Tendon sheath
DISSECTED BEEF LEG JOINT
Examine the beef leg joint and locate the following structures:
articular cartilage, synovial membrane, articular (joint) capsule, adipose tissue,
ligament, tendon (if muscle is present)
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Examine the photograph of a human hip joint below. Using your textbook as a reference,
identify the following features:
articular (fibrous) capsule, synovial cavity, articular cartilage, ligamentum teres (at head
of femur), ischiofemoral ligament
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STATION 9
REVIEW
Identify the 10 loose bones (by name), indicate whether each is part of the axial or
appendicular skeleton, and determine whether the bone is from the left or right side of the
body (if possible).
1. ______________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________
6. ______________________________________________________________________
7. ______________________________________________________________________
8. ______________________________________________________________________
9. ______________________________________________________________________
10. ______________________________________________________________________
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