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SOR II Syllabus Summary Buddhsim Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Syllabus - Buddhism 1. XIVth Dalai Lama 1) Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Buddhism of XIVth Dalai Lama 2) Analyse the impact of this XIVth Dalai Lama on Buddhism. 2. Bioethics 1) Describe and explain Buddhist ethical teachings on bioethics 3. Wesak 1) Describe Wesak 2) Demonstrate how Wesak expresses the beliefs of Buddhism 3) Analyse the significance of Wesak for both the individual and the Buddhist community 2 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism XIVth Dalai Lama Syllabus Point 1.1 – XIVth Dalai Lama Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Buddhism of XIVth Dalai Lama Syllabus Point 1.2 - XIVth Dalai Lama Analyse the impact of this XIVth Dalai Lama on Buddhism. Generally Mainly associated with Tibetan Buddhism However his status has raised the profile of Buddhism in the Western world o Congressional medal, Nobel Peace prize, UN address Fostering of Tibetan Culture After Chinese invasion he led an exile to India, established schools, monasteries, university to preserve Tibetan knowledge and culture 80,000 in exile with him Modern Changes/Social Issues Modern science must take precedence over ancient religion Stance on abortion – Ok in some circumstances. “I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance” Stance on homosexuality. Ok, but not for Buddhists Ecumenism Met with Pope and other religious leaders States multiple religions are necessary to accommodate different people % of Australian Buddhists Public Image Through traveling to Western countries has led to heightened profile of Buddhism Large increase in Buddhist affiliates Greater Global understanding of Buddhism o Congressional medal, Nobel Peace prize, UN address Criticisms Supported CIA training a resistance, Buddhism stresses non violence Pre invasion Tibet was feudal ‘Slaves’ Conclusion At large XIV Dalai Lama has had many positive impacts however sometimes has sacrificed key beliefs on the altar of convenience 3 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Bioethics Syllabus Point 2.1 - Bioethics Describe and explain Buddhist ethical teachings on bioethics Five Precepts For lay people Abstain From o Killing Living Beings o Taking what is not given o Engaging in sexual misconduct o Speaking Falsely o Taking drink and drugs that confuse the mind First precept prevents euthanasia and abortion For abortion this is less clear as their may be debate regarding whether a foetus is a ‘Living Being’ One Buddhist scholar describes pregnancy as “The correct analysis of pregnancy from a Buddhist perspective is not that the foetus id part f the mother but rather that one individual is temporarily housed in another” Buddhists class life as the presence of a consciousness: o Karmic being ready for rebirth o Sperm o Egg o Known as Gandhabba While precepts are not strictly speaking prohibitions, they are very influential on Buddhist adherents Karmic Teachings Karmic teachings are basis of Buddhism Harmful acts lead to bad karma Compassionate acts lead to good karma Killing a human is worst karmic action Abortion leads to negative karma for: o Mother o Foetus o Doctor Foetus is denied chance to enter human realm, only realm of ix Buddhist realms from which enlightenment is attainable Merit Transfer ceremonies o Many women after abortion participate in merit transfer ceremonies to transfer the good karma of an action to the aborted foetus o In Thailand offerings of incense, flowers and money are common o In Japan shrines to the Boddhisatva Jiso Bodatsu, associated with young children and the dead, are dedicated to aborted foetuses The XIV Dalai Lama Head of Tibetan Buddhism Very influential on adherents of that strand 4 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism In relation to abortion “I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance” In line with his general social stances, on his website he claims ancient religions must bow to modern science These teachings make abortion more acceptable among Tibetan Buddhists Places more emphasis on individual conscience Vinaya Laws that govern conduct of Sangha 227 offences, 9 levels of punishment, 4 result in immediate expulsion from Sangha, taking of human life is one of these Makes clear that Buddhism opposes euthanasia and abortion as hey are taking of human life Buddha specifically prohibited his monastic followers from administering abortions Vast majority of Buddhist monks/nuns opposed to abortion/euthanasia Many lay Buddhists feel that the Sangha are out of touch Eightfold Path Must follow for enlightenment “Right Action” Combined with other teachings teaching against abortion/euthanasia Ignoring this leads to rebirth again and continuation of Dukkha Acceptance of Lifespan Tied to Karmic Teachings Karma determines time of death/rebirth Interference can lead to negative karma Famous Bodhisatva, Buddadasa, refused to allow doctors to prolong his life Applies for abortion/euthanasia but also brings to light the less contentious issue of organ transplant Acceptable practice, donation of organs as a compassionate act can even give positive karma Random Quote “In the simplest terms it [Abortion] is the intentional destruction of a karmic being” D. Keown 5 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Wesak Syllabus Point 3.1 - Wesak Describe Wesak History Also known as: Visakah Puja; Vaishaka; Buddha Purnima Visakha Bucha; Wesak; Saga Dawa Unofficially know as Buddha Day At time of Taurus full moon Celebrates Birth, Enlightenment and Death of Buddha Most holy time in Buddhist calendar Public holiday in many Asian countries: Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, and so on. Decision to celebrate Vesak as Buddha’s birthday was made official at first meeting of World Fellowship of Buddhists in Sri Lanka in 1950 Mahayana celebrate birth/enlightenment/death on separate days Check this with Welshy Celebration Followers expected to assemble in temples before dawn for raising of Buddhist flag and singing hymns in praise of triple gem: Buddha, Sangha, Dharma Followers make offerings of incense sticks, flowers and candles at statues of Buddha Reminder that just as beautiful flowers may wither and candles and incense burn out so too may human life decay Birds, insects and animals released ina symbolic act of liberation Adherents encourages to avoid killing and eat vegetarian food for the day In Sri Lanka all slaughter houses and liquor shops are shut for 2 days by Government Decree Some Buddhists will wear white robes and spend entire day in temples Buddhists are expected to listen to talks given by monks, who recite verses recited by Buddha when he was alive Special efforts to makeothers happy, particularly aged, homeless, sick Distribute gifts and cash to various charities Do useful activities o Decorating and illuminating temples o Creating artworks of scenes from Budha’s life for public display o Provide vegetarian meals for temple goers Eight Precepts Normally 5, extra 3 on holy days to train themselves in morality, simplicity & humility o Not to kill o Not to steal o Not to engage in improper sexual activity 6 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism o o o o Not to indulge in wrong speech Not to take intoxicating drinks and drugs To abstain from taking food at unreasonable times To refrain from sensual pleasures such as dancing, singing and selfadornment o To refrain from using high and luxurious seats in order to practice humility. Honouring the Buddha Before death the Buddha told his followers that the correct way to honour him was to strive to follow the Dhamma Followers honour him by trying to lead noble lives Thailand During seeding and ploughing Day Buddhists atend temple and sermons Night Monks lead lay people in procession to shrines Each person carries flowers, three glowing incense sticks, and a candle Sri Lanka National holiday Lamps lit and placed in windows Significance Buddha as remover of darkness Presence of Royal Family connects religion and state Burma Watering of the Bo tree o Tree under which Buddha achieved enlightenment Capturing fish in small ponds and lakes, as dry season is begginning, release in fresh water 7 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Syllabus Point 3.2 - Wesak Demonstrate how Wesak expresses the beliefs of Buddhism 8 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Syllabus Point 3.3 - Wesak Analyse the significance of Wesak for both the individual and the Buddhist community Buddha as a model for all Buddhists Comemorate and explore 3 important events in the Buddha’s life. Birth, Enlightenment, Death Recognotion of his importance as a role model for all Buddhists, lay and monastic to emulate Life Celebrated just prior to rains and during planting New life and fertility Birds, insects and animals released ina symbolic act of liberation Reminder that just as beautiful flowers may wither and candles and incense burn out so too may human life decay Capturing fish in small ponds and lakes, as dry season is begginning, release in fresh water Fresh start on road to enlightenment Normally 5 precepts, extra 3 on holy days to train themselves in morality, simplicity & humility Adherents encourages to avoid killing and eat vegetarian food for the day Determination to follow Buddha and Dhamma Buddhist flag and singing hymns in praise of triple gem: Buddha, Sangha, Dharma Bodhi Tree Watering of Bodhi tree in Burma reminds of enlightenment Reinforces the 4 noble truths o Dukkha – Suffering o Caused by desire for material possessions, greed – o Cessation of Dukkha – Enlightenment/Nirvana o Path to cessation of Dukkha – 8 fold path Celebration of enlightenment There is an end to suffering Provides hope for adherents Ordinariness of Buddha’s death reinforces that this is available to normal people, not elite or deities. Buddha had a very natural death Last words. “All things are impermanent – Strive on with dilligence” 9 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Instructional Verbs Account Account for: state reasons for, report on. Give an account of: narrate a series of events or transactions Analyse Identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and relate implications Apply Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation Appreciate Make a judgement about the value of Assess Make a judgment of value, quality, outcomes, results or size Calculate Ascertain/determine from given facts, figures or information Clarify Make clear or plain Classify Arrange or include in classes/categories Compare Show how things are similar or different Construct Make; build; put together items or arguments Contrast Show how things are different or opposite Deduce Draw conclusions Define State meaning and identify essential qualities Demonstrate Show by example Describe Provide characteristics and features Discuss Identify issues and provide points for and/or against Distinguish Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from; to note differences between Evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of Examine Inquire into Explain Relate cause and effect; make the relationships between things evident; provide why and/or how Extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details Extrapolate Infer from what is known Identify Recognise and name Interpret Draw meaning from Investigate Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about Justify Support an argument or conclusion Outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features of Predict Suggest what may happen based on available information Propose Put forward (for example a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for consideration or action Recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences Recommend Provide reasons in favour Recount Retell a series of events Summarise Express, concisely, the relevant details Synthesise Putting together various elements to make a whole 10 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Essay Structures Wesak Variations In General Celebrates birth enlightenment and death All on same day Full moon in May Practiced since at least 1st century Variations Thailand Monks lead candlelit processions Elders attend celebrations during day Workers return to celebrations at night Each person carries flowers and 3 incense sticks Sri Lanka National Holiday Lanterns, Buddha as remover of darkness Presence of Royal Family, connects religion and state India Prayers, sermons, non stop recitation of Buddhist scriptures Buddhists have ritual bath and wear white Reaffirm 5 precepts Conclusion Happens just prior to rainy season Assosciation of fertility and Buddha 11 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Analyse the impact of XIV Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) on Buddhism Intro Mainly associated with Tibetan Buddhism However his status has raised the profile of Buddhism in the Western world o Congressional medal, Nobel Peace prize, UN address Body 1 – Fostering of Tibetan Culture After Chinese invasion he led an exile to India, established schools, monasteries, university to preserve Tibetan knowledge and culture 80,000 in exile with him Body 2 – Modern Changes/Social Issues Modern science must take precedence over ancient religion Stance on abortion – Ok in some circumstances. “I think abortion should be approved or disapproved according to each circumstance” Stance o homosexuality. Ok, but not for Buddhsits Body 3 – Ecumenism Met with Pope and other religious leaders States multiple religions are necessary to accommodate different people % of Australian Buddhists Body 4 – Public Image Through traveling to Western countries has led to heightened profile of Buddhism Large increase in Buddhist affiliates Greater Global understanding of Buddhism o Congressional medal, Nobel Peace prize, UN address Body 5 – Criticisms Supported CIA training a resistance, Buddhism stresses non violence Pre invasion Tibet was feudal ‘Slaves’ Conclusion At large XIV Dalai Lama has had many positive impacts however sometimes has sacrificed key beliefs on the altar of convenience 12 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Wesak Intro Most important Buddhist celebration Celebrates Birth, Enlightenment and death of Buddha All believed to have happened on same day, full moon in may Since at least the 5th century AD How it is celebrated Lights Offerings Birth of Buddha Born into privilege however retains his mind to attain enlightenment Buddha’s Enlightenment Giving up material possessions and finding a path that eliminates suffering Beacon of hope for Buddhists Ultimate goal Paying homage to Buddha for discovering the eightfold path to enlightenment Celebrate Parnibanna – Passing into Nirvana No miraculous or magical transformation, normal death Freed from wheel of life and death Through Darma eternal happiness can be found Adherents Reiterate determination to: o lead noble lives o develop minds o Practice love and kindness o Bring peace an harmony to humanity Bringing happiness through Gift distribution, to homeless Helping aged and sick 13 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Describe and explain Buddhist ethical teachings on Bioethics Intro Ethical teachings drawn from many sources Some Bioethical issues have very strict teachings, others do not Body One – First Precept Forbids taking of life Importance of 5 precepts in Buddhism Clearly forbids euthanasia Need clarification for - abortion Quote 1 “The correct analysis of pregnancy from a Buddhist perspective is not that the foetus is a ‘part’ of the mother but rather that one individual is temporarily housed in another” Conscious being Body Two – Karmic Teachings Basis of Buddhism ‘Don’t cause harm’ – Ambiguous Killing of a human is the worst Karmic wrong 6 Realms Body Three – XIV Dalai Lama Publicly challenged traditional teachings Quote “There are cases where there can be an exception” Mainly affects followers of Tibetan Buddhism Body Four - Vinaya Governs the monastic Sangha 277 offences in Vinaya, 9 levels of punishment Taking life one of 4 offences expulsion from Sangha Buddha personally banned monks from administering abortions Body Five – Eightfold Path Path to enlightenment Main guidance for Buddhists ‘Right Action’ Body Six – Acceptance of life span Tied to karmic teachings Extraordinary means of prolonging life heavily discouraged as is artificial shortening of life Doesn’t let karma run its course Buddhadasa refused to allow doctors to prolong his life Brings to surface another issue o Organ transplants o Generally consensus is that it is OK o Even seen as act of compassion, positive karma Conclusion Many different ethical authorities 14 Joe Dore Studies of Religion II Buddhism Questions From Specimen Exam 2007 Marks Question 1 — Buddhism (15 marks) (a) List THREE contributions to Buddhism of ONE significant person or school of thought (b) Describe the main teachings of Buddhism on ONE of the following areas: • Bioethics • Environmental ethics • Sexual ethics (c) Examine ONE significant practice within Buddhism, other than daily prayer, drawn from: • Pilgrimage • Temple Puja • Wesak 6 6 3 Question 1 — Buddhism (20 marks) Evaluate the contribution of ONE significant person or school of thought on adherents in Buddhism. 15