Download Unit 4 (2016 – 2017)

[Type text]
General Chemistry
Unit 4
(2016 – 2017)
 Families (research and present)
 Metals/nonmetals
 Trends
o Atomic radius / Ionic radius
o Electronegativity
o Electron affinity
o Ionization energy
o Metallic and nonmetallic character
 Ions
 Oxidation #’s
1
[Type text]
Periodic Table History
350 B.C.
Aristotle
____ elements
Fire, Water, Air, ______
By 1700 – ____ elements were known
1789 - ____________________________ wrote the first extensive list of ____ elements.
1829 – ________________________ (German chemist)noticed that Br, Cl, and I had similar
properties and that Br atomic weight was between that of Cl and I.
He called these groups _________
Other triads of Dobereiner
Ca
Sr
Ba
S
Se
Te
Li
Na
K
1864 – _____________________ (English chemist) arranged the now known 62 elements
from ____________ to _________________.
He also noticed that every ___ element had similar chemical and physical properties. Their
properties were repeating. This became known as
_______________________________________ (based on the 8 notes of the musical scale}
2
[Type text]
1869 – ________________________________ (Russian chemist) organized elements by
atomic _________ also but made it into table form to help his students.
Elements with similar properties were put in the same___________.
He was considered the ____________ of the Modern Periodic Table.
He left blanks where elements seemed to be missing.
There were places where heavier elements came before lighter elements because of
properties:
Te - I,
Co - Ni _____-____
He felt the mistake was in measuring the mass and this would be corrected with further
research.
This gave rise to the __________________, “”Properties of elements are periodic functions of
their atomic mass”
1913 – _____________________ (English chemist and student of Ernest Rutherford)
arranged elements by atomic _______________ (# of protons and also # of electrons)
This gave rise to the _____________________, “”Properties of elements are periodic functions
of their atomic number”
Glenn Seaborg (1912 – 1999)
Discovered ____ new elements
Only living person for whom an element was named
The Language of Chemistry
The elements, their names and symbols are given on the _______________________.
How many elements are there?
117 elements have been identified
82 elements occur naturally on Earth
35 elements have been created by scientists
3
[Type text]
Periodic Table Terminology
___________ / series = Horizontal rows
_____________/ Family = Vertical columns
Metals
Located to the __________ of the stairstep line
Characteristics
___________electrons to form _____ ions (______________)
Shiny
____________________
____________________
Good conductors of heat and electricity
React with acid
Most metallic element = __________________________________
Nonmetals
Located to the ______________________ of the stairstep line
Characteristics
Tend to ________________ (take in) electrons to form __________ (_______)
Dull
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Good _________________
______________________
Most reactive nonmetal = ___________________________________
4
[Type text]
Metalloids
Located _______ and ____________ the stairstep line except At and Al
Characteristics
Tend to ______________ or ______________ electrons
Shiny and dull
Good and poor conductors of heat and electricity
Malleable and brittle
5
[Type text]
6
[Type text]
Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids
Define the following terms/physical properties & determine how you can test a sample for this
property.
1) Malleability
2) Luster
3) Conductivity
4) For reactivity with acid, how will you determine if a chemical reaction has occurred?
Purpose: To classify unknown samples as metal, nonmetal, or metalloid based on the observed
characteristics.
Use the procedures you described above to test each physical property of the samples. To test the
chemical property (reaction w/ acid) place a small piece of the sample into a test tube and then add 510 drops of acid. Record your observations in the table on the next page.
7
[Type text]
Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids Table
Sample
Color
Luster
(lustrous)
Malleability Conductivity Reaction
(malleable)
w/ acid
Classification
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
See p. 22-24 in your book for the basic properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Then classify
each of your samples as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
8
[Type text]
Families on the Periodic Table
Family Name
List Elements
(Solid/Liquid/Gas)
(Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal)
Characteristics
Hydrogen
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
Metals
Transition Metals
Other Metals
(Post transition)
Metalloids
9
[Type text]
Family Name
List Elements
(Solid/Liquid/Gas)
(Metal/Metalloid/Nonmetal)
Characteristics
Other Non metals
Halogens
Noble Gases
Lanthanoids
(Inner transition metals)
Actinoids
(Inner transition metals)
New Elements
10
[Type text]
11
[Type text]
Periodic Table Unit
PowerPoint Directions for Presentation:
1. Start with www.ptable.com. Click on the family (in the legend area of the
website) that you have been assigned. Take down information on your
worksheet. Hydrogen group – click directly on the Hydrogen square on the
periodic table. Also go to webelements.com to get information.
2. Transition Metals, Lanthanoids, and Actinoids for the elements in the family –
list the range of atomic numbers --- do not name them all!! Example:
Transition metals range from 21 – 30 and ….
3. Go to 1 other website – search for your family in a search engine to find
information. For “other” information, uses is good information to include.
Anything unusual or unique for that family would also be good in include.
4. Make the information into a powerpoint – have at least 5 - 7 slides. Use 20
words per slide and bullet the information.
5. Each slide is to have at least one picture and at least one motion and/or
transition.
6. Store your information in my teacher file inbox in the correct class file. Once
you submit it, you will not be able to see it in my inbox.
Periodic Table Family Powerpoint Slide information:
1. Title slide with your names and name of periodic table family
2. Image of where your family is on the periodic table
3. States of matter of your family at room temperature and any physical characteristics
(see periodic table in classroom)
Black = solid
Blue = liquid
Red = gas (at room temperature)
4. Oxidation # and Valance Shell electrons
5. Reactivity
6. Interesting facts and/or uses
12
[Type text]
Oral Presentation Rubric: Periodic Table Families
Names _______________________________________________
Category
Content
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Shows a full
understanding of the
family, telling how
they are similar and
different.
Almost always
listens to, shares
with, and supports
the efforts of
others in the group.
Tries to keep people
working well
together.
Student is able to
accurately answer
almost all questions
posed by classmates
about the topic.
Shows a good
understanding of the
topic.
Shows a good
understanding of
parts of the topic.
Does not seem to
understand the
topic very well.
Usually listens to,
shares with, and
supports the efforts
of others in the
group. Does not
cause “waves” in the
group.
Usually listens to,
shares with, and
supports the
efforts of others in
the group but
sometimes is not a
good team player.
Rarely listens to,
shares with, and
supports the
efforts of others in
the group. Often is
not a good team
member.
Student is able to
accurately answer
most questions
posed by classmates
about the topic.
Student is unable to
accurately answer
almost all questions
posed by classmates
about the topic.
Listens to
Other
Presentation
Listens intently.
Does not make
distracting noises or
movements.
Listens intently but
has one distracting
noise or movement.
Student is able to
accurately answer
almost all a few
questions posed by
classmates about
the topic.
Sometimes does not
appear to be
listening but is not
distracting.
Creativity and
Completeness
Student shows
considerable
work/creativity
which makes the
presentation better.
Student shows good
work/creativity
which makes the
presentation better.
Collaboration
with Peers
Comprehension
Student does not
provide enough
information or
shows little work or
creativity.
Sometimes does not
appear to be
listening and has
made several
distracting noises
and/or movements.
Not enough work
was done on this
project. It is
incomplete.
Score _______ / 10
Comments:
13
[Type text]
Element Pennant
Your job is to create a pennant representing the element you have chosen. This pennant
must include:

Name of the element

Symbol of the element

Atomic number

Average atomic mass

State of matter the element is commonly found in

Physical description (color and luster) (shiny, dull, translucent, opaque)

Density ( also hard, soft, ductile, malleable)

Reactivity

Conductivity

Number of electrons in outer energy level

Types of compounds commonly formed
Make your pennant colorful and exciting to look at while presenting the information about
your element.
14
[Type text]
Element Pennant Rubric
Name _______________________________________________
Category
Content
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Student shows all
pertinent
information.
Creativity and
Completeness
Student shows
considerable
work/creativity.
Project is complete.
Student talks loud
enough for everyone
to hear. Pronounces
words correctly.
Student shows
almost all pertinent
information (missing
1 or 2 facts)
Student shows good
work/creativity.
Project is complete.
Student shows some
pertinent
information (missing
3 or 4 facts)
Student shows little
work or creativity.
Project is mostly
complete.
Student talks loud
enough about ½ the
time and pronounces
most words
correctly.
Sometimes does not
appear to be
listening but is not
distracting.
Student shows
information but is
missing more than 5
facts.
Student has done
almost no work . It
is incomplete.
Presentation
of Pennant
Listens to
Other
Presentation
Listens intently.
Does not make
distracting noises or
movements.
Student talks loud
enough for everyone
to hear most of the
time. Pronounces
words correctly.
Listens intently but
has one distracting
noise or movement.
Student talks too
soft making it
difficult to hear.
Mispronounces many
words.
Sometimes does not
appear to be
listening and has
made several
distracting noises
and/or movements.
Score _______ / 8
Comments:
15
[Type text]
Trends
A trend =
Atomic radius =
Electronegativity =
Ionization Energy =
Density =
Boiling Point =
16
[Type text]
Periodic Trends
17
[Type text]
Atomic Radius
Electronegativity
Ionization Energy
Density
Boiling Poiint
18
[Type text]
"Periodic Properties"
Atomic Radius
___________ the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms that are bonded together.
Left to right across the periodic table
1.
Electron – electron ________________________
Makes radius larger
Very weak interactions
2.
Proton – electron _________________________
Makes radius smaller
Very strong interactions
Down a group/family
3.
Energy level, n, __________________ from top to bottom
Radius gets larger by adding large amount of electrons
Think Bohr model (adding rings)
Proton electron attraction is a million times stronger than electron electron repulsion
From Left to Right across the Periodic Table, the Atomic Radius gets smaller.
19
[Type text]
Ionization Energy
The energy required to ___________________ one electron from a neutral atom.
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to _______________ electrons.
Most electronegative element is F (fluorine).
It is assigned the number 4.
All other values are based on this value.
Periodic Trends
Top to Bottom
Left to Right
Atomic Radii
Ionization
Energy
Electronegativity
1. Which has the bigger radius?
K or Cu
Po or S
2. Which has the smaller electronegativity?
Al or Cl
Sr or Ba
3. Which has the higher ionization energy?
B or F
N or Sb
20
[Type text]
Metallic Character
1.
_______________ ionization energy (easy to remove electrons)
2.
_______________ electronegativities (don’t attract electrons)
3.
_______________ Luster – shiny
4.
_______________ conductor of electricity and heat
5.
_______________ and ductile
Most metallic element = _______________________
NonMetallic Character
1. ______________ ionization energy (hard to remove electrons)
2. ______________ electronegativities (attract electrons)
3. ______________ or no metallic luster
4. ______________ electrical and thermal conductors
5. ______________ solids
Most nonmetallic element = _____________________
Metalloid Character
1.
Characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
2.
_______________________ between those of metals and nonmetals.
3.
_______________________ energies between those of metals and nonmetals.
4.
Boiling pts, Melting pts and _________________ vary widely.
Example: Silicon –
_______________ luster
_______________
_______________ conductor
21
[Type text]
Review of ions:
Cations:
Anions:
22
[Type text]
Cations
Why?
Anions
Why?
23
[Type text]
1.
Which has the bigger radius?
Li or F
2.
Which has the smaller radius?
Al or P
3.
Y or Ag
Which has the higher electronegativity?
Au or Po
6.
As or Bi
Which has the lower ionization energy?
Ga or Tl
5.
Rb or Fr
Which has the higher ionization energy?
Ca or Ni
4.
Mg or Ba
Ge or Pb
Which has the lower electronegativity?
Sc or Fe
C or Sn
24
[Type text]
Periodic Table Trends Review Worksheet
For each of the following, circle the correct element
1.
Li
Si
S
Metal
2.
N
P
As
Smallest Ionization Energy
3.
K
Ca
Sc
Largest Atomic Mass
4.
S
Cl
Ar
Member of the Halogen Family
5.
Al
Si
P
Greatest Metallic Characteristics
6.
Ga
Al
B
Largest Atomic Radius
7.
V
Nb
Ta
Largest Atomic Number
8.
Te
I
Xe
Member of Noble Gases
9.
Si
Ge
Sn
Has electrons in 4 energy levels
10.
Li
Be
B
Member of Alkali Metals
11.
As
Se
Br
Largest Electronegativity
12.
H
Li
Na
Nonmetal
13.
Hg
Tl
Pb
Member of Transition Metals
14.
Na
Mg
Al
Electron distribution ending in s2p1
15.
Sb
Bi
Pb
Metalloid
16.
B
C
N
Greatest Nonmetal characteristics
17.
Ca
Sc
Ti
Electron distribution ending in s2d2
18.
Be
K
Ga
Member of the Alkaline Earth Metals
19.
Si
Al
P
Semiconductor
20.
F
Cl
I
Smallest Radius
25
[Type text]
Name ________________________________________
Class Period _______________
Ion Practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
An isotope has 106 proton, 157 neutrons, and 106 electrons:
a.
Write the nuclear symbol for this isotope _________________
b.
What is the name of this element? ___________________
c.
Is this an atom or an ion? ______________________
d.
What is the mass number of this isotope ________________
e.
What is the atomic number? __________________
f.
What is the net charge? _______________________
An isotope has 29 protons, 34 neutrons, and 28 electrons:
a.
Write the hyphen notation for this isotope ______________________
b.
What is the name of this element? ___________________
c.
Is this an atom or an ion? ______________________
d.
What is the mass number of this isotope ________________
e.
What is the atomic number? __________________
f.
What is the net charge? _______________________
a. The species
104Rh3+
b. The species
12C
c. The species
130Te-2
has _____protons, _____neutrons and _____electrons
has _____protons, _____neutrons and _____electrons
has _____protons, ____neutrons and ____electrons
Which element will produce an ion with 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 18 electrons?
_______________.
Which element will produce an ion with 20 protons, 20 neutrons and 18 electrons?
_______________.
26
[Type text]
6.
a.
A Calcium atom will (lose or gain) _____ electrons. How many? _______
Is the calcium atom bigger or smaller than the calcium ion? ___________
b. A Francium atom will (lose or gain) ______electrons. How many? ______
Is the francium atom bigger or smaller than the francium ion? ___________
c. A Fluorine atom will (lose or gain) _______ electrons. How many?______
Is the fluorine atom bigger or smaller than the fluorine ion? ___________
d. A Oxygen atom will (lose or gain) ______ electrons. How many? _______
Is the oxygen atom bigger or smaller than the oxygen ion? ___________
e. A Carbon atom will (lose or gain) _______electrons. How many? ______
Is the carbon atom bigger or smaller than the carbon ion? ___________
7.
Considering a
26Mg
atom and and a
26Mg2+
ion, label the following true or false:
_____ They both have the same number of protons
_____ They both have the same number of electrons
_____ They both have the same number of neutrons
_____ The magnesium ion has 14 electrons and the magnesium atom as 10 electrons
_____ The net charge on the magnesium ion is +2
_____ The Bohr model of the magnesium ion has 0 electrons in the outer most shell.
_____ The Mg2+ ion is larger than the Mg atom.
27
[Type text]
Chemistry Review Unit 4 (62 pts.)
1. What contribution did the following people make to the creation of the periodic
table:
a. Newlands:
b. Mendeleev:
c. Moseley:
d. Dobereiner:
2. What does the new periodic law state?
3. In the periodic table, the vertical columns are called ________________ and the
horizontal rows are called _________________.
4. Elements in the same group have the same number of _____________
_________________.
5. What family of the periodic table is the most stable because their valence shell is
full of electrons?
6. Give three properties of metals:
7. Give three properties of nonmetals:
8. What is ionization energy?
9. Why does the ionization energy decrease as you move down a group?
10. Why does the atomic radius increase as you move down a group?
11. As you move across a period, the _____________ decreases and the
_____________, and ________________ increases.
12. As you move down a group, the atomic radius ___________________ and the
ionization energy, and electronegativity ________________.
28
[Type text]
For questions #13-36, use the following elements to answer the questions.
Elements may be used more than once and for some questions, there will be more
than one answer.
Na
Si
Br
Ag
Ne
Sb
H
Ga
S
Ca
Es
Pa
Cl
Ba
Li
He
Xe
Fr
F
Al
13. The most reactive metal: _______________________
14. The most reactive nonmetal: _____________________
15. A metal: _____________________________________________________
16. A nonmetal: __________________________________________________
17. A metalloid: __________________________________________________
18. A halogen: ___________________________________________________
19. An alkali metal: _______________________________________________
20. An alkaline earth metal: _________________________________________
21. A noble gas: __________________________________________________
22. A transition metal: _____________________________________________
23. A post transition metal: _________________________________________
24. An inner transition metal: ________________________________________
25. Other nonmetal: _______________________________________________
26. In a family all by itself: _____________
27. Radioactive: __________________________________________________
28. Made in a laboratory: ___________________________________________
29. A gas: _______________________________________________________
30. Found in a free-state (not part of a compound): ________________________
31. Has multiple oxidation states: _____________________________________
32. The only noble gas that does not contain eight valence electrons: ___________
33. Has the same number of valence electrons as Nitrogen: __________________
34. Has the same oxidation state as Potassium: ___________________________
35. Has an oxidation state of -1: ______________________________________
36. Has 4 valence electrons: _________________________________________
29
[Type text]
Common Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic Ion Name
Formula
Charge
Ammonium
NH4
1+
Acetate
C2H3O2
1-
Bromate
BrO3
1-
Bicarbonate
HCO3
1-
Chlorate
ClO3
1-
Cyanide
CN
1-
Hydroxide
OH
1-
Iodate
IO3
1-
Manganate
MnO3
1-
Nitrate
NO3
1-
Carbonate
CO3
2-
Chromate
CrO4
2-
Sulfate
SO4
2-
Phosphate
PO4
3-
30
[Type text]
31