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GMO and Biomoleculs: GM Pharmaceuticals
Yaounde-Hilton hotel, 8-10 September 2015
Drs Abel WADE1 and Abdoulkadiri Souley2
1Director of National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET) Annex Yaounde, Cameroon
Tel: +237 677 80 94 52, Email: [email protected]
2DG LANAVET, Garoua, [email protected]
Plan of the Presentation
•I- Introduction
•II- GM Drugs and Vaccines
•III- GMO and organ transplants
•IV- GM Vitamins and other food ingredients
• V- GM Transplant and Transgenic Animals
• VI-Risks and dangers with GM drugs, vaccines or
theurapeutics approches
•VII-Conclusion
I-INTRODUCTION (1)
•Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs): organism
whose genome has undergone genetic modifications
in order to favour:
 the expression of desired traits or
the production of desired biological products
•GMO technology has emerged as one of the main
achievement of biomedical research since the
1980s.
I-INTRODUCTION (2)
•GM animal, human and plant has enabled us to test
novel therapies (drugs, organ transplantation, food
additives) and vaccines among others
•GM microbe, plant, animal and human have
revolutionized the production of complex
pharmaceuticals by enabling the generation of
more adapted, safer and cheaper vaccines,
vitamins, food additives and therapeutics.
I-INTRODUCTION (3)
•This scientific revolution has provided medical
solutions in non-curable disease conditions
through organ transplantation usually from animal
to human
•Today, most of us are GM
since we must have taken
them in one way or the other
as food or drug: “Take GM, become GM”.
I-INTRODUCTION (4)
•Even though GMOs present many advantages
in biomedical resolutions, safety is not 100%.
•GMOs can result in unknown / unintended
consequences with irreversible effects.
•The production of GMOs therefore remains a
highly controversial topic
•GMO production should be
under strict regulations
II-GM Drugs and Vaccines (1)
GMO-based medical research is fundamental to:
•develop new and more efficient ways to treat, cure
and prevent diseases (e.g. Cancer, Ebola, HIV,...)
•develop and manufacture pharmaceuticals for effective control of drug
resistant diseases that have shown
failure in conventional approaches
II-GM Drugs and Vaccines (2)
•“ELELYSO”, a recombinant glucocerebrosidase drug
used to treat Gaucher’s disease, was the first GM
plant-made pharmaceutical to win approval by the
U.S FDA
• “ZMAPP”, a GM drug designed for treatment of
Ebola disease was engineered from tobacco
bacteria.
II-GM Drugs and Vaccines (3)
•“Hybrid" vaccines: goats to become "pharm
animals" that carry vaccines in their milk
•Malaria vaccine: GM malaria parasite
that will be used as a live vaccine
•GM Banana: Hepatitis B Vaccine
II-GM Drugs and Vaccines (4)
Trade names of GM products used in human
(Vaccines and drugs)
1
Rotavirus Vax
2
Flu vaccine
Malaria vaccine
Vaccine to treat nicotine addiction
Genotropin, Humatrope, Scitropin, Norditropin,
Saizen,
3
4
5
Sources
Rotavirus hybrid human-bovine
reassortment strains
GM insect virus
GM mosquitos
Viral Ab
E.coli
6
Humulin, Novoinsulin, Humalog, Lantus, Novorapid, E.coli, Saccharomyces,
7
13
Gonal-F, Puregon,
Actilyse, Rapilysin, Metalyse,
Recombinate
Kogenate, Helixate, Refacto, Benefix, Novoseven
Revasc, Refludan,
Eprex, Recormon, Aranesp,
Roferon A, Intron A, Betaferon, Avonex, Rebif,
14
Stemgen,
15
19
Proleukin
Simulect, Zenapax,
Regranex
Remicarde,
Mabthera,
20
Reopro,
8
9
10
11
12
16
17
18
Herceptin
22 Sinagis
23 Engerix-B, Hbvax II
21
chinese hamster cells
chinese hamster cells, bacterium
Dormase alfa
hamster kidney cells
Saccharomyces
chinese hamster cells
bacterium, chinese hamster cells,
Diseases or effets
Rotaviral infection
flu
Malaria
nicotine addiction
production of Growth hormone
production of Insulin
production of FSH
production of Tissue plasminogen activator
production of Dormase alfa (Pulmozyme: improve lung function)
production of factor VIII and IX (anti-hémophilique )
production of recombinant Hirudin (anticoagulant salivary glands protein)
production of Erythropoietin
production of Interferon (cytokine protein for immity)
production of Ancestim (mobilizing peripheral hematopoietic stem cells for later
E. coli
transplanation)
E. coli
production of Aldesleukin (Proleukin, drug for kidney cancer)
chinese hamster cells, mouse cells, production of Mab
Saccharomyces
production of Becapermin (platelet growth factor)
chinese hamster cells
production of anti-tumour necrotic factor
chinese hamster cells
production of Rituximab (iv Mab to treat rheumatoid arthritis)
production of Abciximab (Fab fragment of Mab, tx angina , prevent thrombus
mouse cells
formation)
chinese hamster cells
production of Trastuzumab (Mab , tx breast cancers)
mouse cells
production of Palivizumab (Mab, tx respiratory syncytial virus)
Saccharomyces,
production of HBsAg ( protein on surface of hepatitis B virus)
II-GM Drugs and Vaccines (5)
•Anti-rabies vaccine: Recombinant for
vaccinating wild animals orally, more efficacious and
safer than the conventional attenuated SAD B19
strain
•Merial canarypox DNA vaccine: (for West Nile
Disease) that incorporates WNV membrane and
envelope proteins into the canarypox DNA and
expresses these proteins following administration
•GMOs to address BSE, various influenzas
II-GM Drugs and Vaccines (4)
Selected conventional and GMO Vaccines used for Food Animals
Diseases
Conventional Vaccin/ Strains
Bacterial Diseases
Source: Frey (2007); USDA (2011)
GMO Vaccines /Strains
1 Brucellosis (ruminants)
Brucella abortus, strain 19, strain RB51
None Identified
2 Brucellosis (swine)
B. suis strain 2
None Identified
3 Anthrax (bovine, ovine, equine) Bacillus anthraxis, strain Sterne
None Identified
4 Johne's disease
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Strain 316F
None Identified
5 CBPP
Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides SC, strain T1/44
None Identified
6 Avian salmonellosis
Salmonella enteric servo. Gallinarum, Strain R9
Salmonella typhimurium vaccine, live culture
7 Bovine salmonellosis
None Identified
Salmonella dublin vaccine
8 Poultry cholera
Pasteurella multocida (various strains)
None Identified
9 Cattle pasteurellosis
Pasteurella multocida, P. heamolytica (various strains) None Identified
10 Swine atropic rhinitis
Bordetella bronchiseptica (various strains)
None Identified
11 Bovine clostridiosis
Clostridium perfringens
None Identified
12 Escherichia coli in poultry
Escherichia coli vaccine, avirulent live culture
Escherichia coli vaccine, live culture
Viral Diseases
1 Avian encephaliomyelitis
Live and modified live virus
Avian encephaliomyelitis-fowl pox-laryngotracheitis vaccine
2 Porcine circovirus (Swine)
Type 2, killed virus
Porcine circovirus vaccine(type1, type 2chimera, killed virus, bacculovirus vector
3 Marek's disease (poultry)
Live strain of Marek's disease (MD) virus, serotype 1, MD-Newcastle Disease live virus vaccine, serotypes 1&2&3, MD vector, MD live
2 or 3
herpesvirus chimera
4 Newcastle Disease (poultry)
Infectious brursal disease (IBD), Newcastle Disease
(ND), IBD vaccine, live or killed virus, VG/GA strain,
B1type, B1 strain live virus
ND, Fowl pox vaccine, live fowl pox vector, and MD-ND vaccine serotype 3, Live
MD vector
5 Poultry Infectious bursal disease Live or killed avian Bursitidis infectivae virus type 1
IBD, MD vaccine, Serotype 3, live MD vector
6 Fowl pox
Live Fowl pox vaccine
Fowl pox -laryngotracheitis vaccine, live fowl pox vector
7 Fowl laryngotracheitis
Modified live virus vaccine
Fowl pox -laryngotracheitis vaccine, live fowl pox vector
III-GMO and organ transplants
GM: a valuable alternative for the
treatment of some incurable diseases through
transplantation of animal organs into humans.
• Heart valves in human replaced with pig tissue
through transplant.
•“ZENAPAX”, a GM protein produced in mice and
initially approved for kidney transplants, may be
exploited for other organs like heart, liver and lung
IV-GM Vitamins and other food ingredients (1)
GM food ingredients, supplements and additives
•Vitamins A,B2,B12, C,E, • Flavorings
•
High
Fructose
Corn
Syrup
(HFCS)
•Amino Acids
• Aspartame
•Sodium Ascorbate
•Lactic Acid,
•Sucrose
•Citric Acid
•Sodium Citrate
•Hydrolyzed &Textured
Vegetable Protein
•Maltodextrins
• Molasses, Xanthan Gum
•Monosodium Glutamate
•Yeast Products (extract).
(TVP)
(MSG)
IV-GM Vitamins and other food ingredients (2)
From this list, nearly all:
• "vegetarian" foods are GMO
(loaded with yeast extract and soy).
• sodas and soft drinks are GMO (HFCS, aspartame)
• storable food sold on the market today is GMO.
(TVP, soy, MSG, yeast extract)
• children's meals and snacks are GMO (soy, corn)
In other words, just about everything
the consuming masses are eating or
taking are from GMOs.
IV-GM Vitamins and other food ingredients (2)
some more common GMO ingredients in vitamins and health products:
•.
IV-GM Vitamins and other food ingredients (3)
•Meanwhile GM feed is widely fed to animals that
produce milk, eggs and meat, which means GMOs
are also getting into products like ice cream,
mayonnaise, cheese,…
•Even non-food items such as cosmetics, soaps,
detergents, shampoo, body cream and bubble bath
often contain GMO ingredients.
V-GM Transplant and Transgenic Animals (1)
•GM animals (transgenic) are used to produce
substances/tissues for human life (Mab, organs,...)
•Erbitux for colorectal cancer; Remicade
and Humira for rheumatoid arthritis;
three drugs for preventing organ transplant rejection
•Xolair for asthma.
•Pigs currently used to supply heart
valves for insertion into humans
V-GM Transplant and Transgenic Animals (2)
•Large quantities of human proteins are generated
in eggs, milk, blood or urine by transgenic animals
(poultry, swine, goat, cattle) for human
pharmaceutical purposes.
VI-Risks and dangers with GM drugs, vaccines or
theurapeutics approches (1)
•Xenobiotics are one example that can act as mutagens
resulting in naked DNA that escapes because of
changes in its sequence, and could produce progeny
that possess unpredictable characteristics causing
potential harm to the host
•GMOs have been linked to various health complications
such as tumours, organ failure, DNA damage, immune
system disturbances, and infertility, among others
VI-Risks and dangers with GM drugs, vaccines or
theurapeutics approches (2)
•children's vitamins are by far the most toxic
because they're usually formulated with a much
higher concentration of toxic ingredients such as
artificial sweeteners, artificial colors and GMOderived materials.
•Gene therapy approaches are worries as it may one
day be applied to produce “designer” children or to
lengthen the natural human life span
Genetically engineered babies…. So beautiful,
handsome and intelligent
Scifi Thriller GATTACA
VI-Risks and dangers of GMO and chemicals (3)
• GMO in mouse
VI-Risks and dangers of GMO and chemicals (4)
• In chiken
VI-Risks and dangers of GMO and chemicals (3)
• in a bull
VI-Risks and dangers of GMO and chemicals (4)
• in goat
VI-Risks and dangers of GMO and chemicals (5)
• in human
VI-Risks and dangers of GMO and chemicals (6)
• in Human
VI-Risks and dangers of GMO and chemicals (7)
• in Human
VII-Conclusion (1)
•GMOs are playing a very important role of
immeasurable impacts in the discovery and
development of new medicines, saving lives and
improving animal and human health today
•However, they can result in unknown / unintended
irreversible consequences if not tested well.
VII-Conclusion (3)
•Banning GMOs will curtail the discovery of much
needed therapeutic antibodies, vaccines, care,
treatment, and cure.
•Regulations and strict guidelines must be a part of
any GMO undertaking,
•Bans on the technology are tantamount to
stepping backward in time and rejecting the lifesaving advances that technology has provided.
THANKS FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
.
AND ERRADICAT DISEASES
QUESTIONS
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