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Digestive (GI) System What are the two kinds of digestion? Mechanical Chemical Which layer of the digestive tube contains lots Submucosa of elastic fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels? The hepatic portal system has two distinct capillary beds separated by a portal vein. The functions of these two capillary beds are what? The first picks up nutrients and the second delivers these nutrients to liver cells. What structure flaps over the glottis when we swallow food? Epiglottis Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed? Vitamin B12 What are the three main characteristic of the large intestine? 1) It absorbs much of the water and salts 2) It contains the ascending, transverse, and descending colon. 3) It contains abundant bacteria. What are the four main characteristics of the small intestine? It is the site of nutrient absorption It breaks down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates Breakdown products of fats enter its lacteals. Its walls secrete most of the digestive enzymes that are active in its lumen. Where does food first encounter proteinsplitting enzymes? Stomach What is the function of the gallbladder? Storage (not secretion!) of bile When the acidic contents of the stomach enter the normally alkaline duodenum, what hormone is released that causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate? Secretin What is the semi-fluid paste called that is a result of the food in the stomach being repeatedly squeezed and mixed with gastric juice? What are four characteristics of the duodenum? Chyme 1) It receives chyme from the stomach. 2) It is within the body cavity with the ileum or jejunum (not retroperitoneal). 3) It is shorter than either the ileum or jejunum. 4) It is the site of action of liver and pancreas secretions. What are the five the primary functions of the 1. Store Food, so it can be slowly released stomach? into a small intestine. 2. Churns food into a paste (chyme) by mechanical means 3. Kill bacteria. 4. Starts digestion of proteins. 5. Some absorption of water, alcohol Does it dehydrate food materials before passing them to the small intestine? No Does it store food for later use in the form of fat? No What is the terminal portion of the small intestine called? Ileum Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another? muscularis externa Of the basic digestive processes, the one in which nutrients enter capillaries is called what? Absorption What is the only role of the levator ani muscle It lifts the anal canal superiorly around the in defecation? feces. What is the correct sequence of layers in the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa wall of the alimentary canal, from internal to external? What is the digestive organ primarily responsible for the absorption of water? Large intestine Why are bacteria are abundant in the large intestines, but not in the small intestines or the stomach? Secretions of parietal cells kill bacteria in the stomach, and the Ileocecal valve prevents the bacteria in the large intestines from migrating up into the small intestines. What is the only function of the greater omentum? Stores fat The epithelium that lines the stomach and intestines is simple columnar. What are the basic functions of this epithelium? secretion and absorption Digestion of what food type would be affected Lipids the most if the bile—secreting liver were severely damaged? What are three functions of the liver? 1) detoxification of poisons 2) picking up and processing of nutrients from the portal blood 3) storage of some vitamins Does it produce digestive enzymes? No What cells secrete hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes which kill bacteria in the stomach? PARIETAL CELLS What cells secrete an enzyme to digest protein? CHIEF CELLS What is the function of all the goblet cells in the stomach? To make mucus to prevent the stomach from digesting itself Which cells secrete digestive enzymes in the pancreas? Acinar cells Which region of the pancreas secretes insulin? Islets of Langerhans What causes Crohn’s disease? It is an autoimmune disorder