Download I. The rise of Mesoamerican Empires: Olmec, Mayan, Aztec and Inca

The First Global Age (1450-1770)
I. The rise of Mesoamerican Empires: Olmec, Mayan, Aztec
and Inca Empires before 1500.
A. Olmec-1500 BCE and 500BCE
-earliest Mesoamerican civilization
-located in the river valleys near the Gulf of Mexico
-small civilization that had organization, religion,
early hieroglyphic writings and a calendar
-they raised crops (maize) using the slash and burn
method
-they traded with other civilizations- their artwork
and ideas have been found throughout the area.
B. Mayas: (flourished from 300 - 900AD)
-flourished from the Yucatan in southern Mexico
through much of Central America.
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1. Mayan farmers cleared dense rain forests (Slash
and Burn) and built raised fields that caught and
held rainwater.
-Mayans grew beans, maize, squash, fruit
trees, cotton and flowers.
-Men cultivated (farmed) crops- women turned
them into food.
2. Religion was polytheistic: priests performed
sacrifices and ceremonies for good harvests and
success in war
3. Tikal-largest Mayan city-many pyramid temples
4. Wealth of the cities came from trade
5. Developed system of roads (infrastructure)
6. Each city had a ruling chief with nobles who
collected taxes, enforced laws and served in the
military
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7. Advances in Learning
-carvings which showed daily life
-developed hieroglyphic writing form (written
on bark)
-ideographs- picture writing
-Priests: experts in math and astronomy
developed a 365 day calendar.
-developed the concept of zero (0), excelled in
math, astronomy, architecture, sculpture,
ceramics.
8. 900 AD, Mayans abandoned their cities may
have been due to constant warfare or over
population, which led to over farming, which
exhausted the soil.
*Today millions of people in Guatemala and
southern Mexico speak Mayan languages.
C. Aztecs: 1200AD/CE - 1535AD/CE (present day Mexico City)
-Tenochtitlan was capital of the empire
-moved from a hunting to farming civilization
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1. As population grew, Aztecs found new ways to
create more farmland (chinampas-floating
gardens)
-grew corn, beans and squash
2. Created canals for transportation
3. Polytheistic- honored the gods of the sun and
war. Wage war to expand empire.
4. Priests were extremely powerful. Used human
sacrifice (often to excess)
5. Abundant natural resources of gold and silver.
Used these for jewelry.
D. Inca Empire: 1200-1535 AD
-Andes Mountains of Peru
-Inca-“Children of the Sun”
1. Cuzco-capital, totalitarian state.
2. Used natural resources of gold and silver to make
jewelry
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3. Built roads, irrigation systems, terrace farmed on
mountains
4. Quipu- knotted and beaded strings used to keep records.
5. Used anesthetics in medicine and brain surgery
techniques.
II. Rise and Fall of African Civilizations: Ghana, Mali and
Songhai Empires
A. Ghana (300 AD-1200AD)
1. located in western sub-Saharan Africa
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2. named for their leader-ghana meant king or war chief
3. prospered economically by taxing all trade through
their kingdom.
4. Two way traffic between cities in north Africa and
Ghana brought salt from the north to trade for gold
-Ghana traded their gold for salt and other goods
with traders from Morocco and Spain. (salt was
important to life below the Sahara as a food
preserver and flavorer)
-trade also increased cultural diffusion. The
religion of those in the north was brought through
the Sahara to Ghana and many in Ghana converted
to this new religion.
B. Mali (1200 CE-1450CE)
1. With the collapse of the Ghana empire by Muslims
from the north, Mali eventually emerged as the next
powerful kingdom in west Africa (an area that soon
included the old kingdom of Ghana).
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2. Trade was restored with the north and agriculture
became an important industry.
3. Mansa Musa (ruled 1312-1332)
-brought Islamic culture to Mali
-achieved international fame when he went on a
lavish pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah), bringing
over 12,000 slaves and giving away so much gold
that the price of gold fell in the world market.
-brought back an architect to build mosques and a
palace in the Mali capital of Timbuktu
C. Songhai (1450-1600)
1. After civil wars weakened Mali, the kingdom of
Songhai took over Mali and became the dominant
force in western Africa.
Songhai Empire
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2. Askia Muhammed
- ruled according to Muslim law.
-divided the kingdom into five provinces with a
governor, tax collector, a court of judges and a
trade inspector.
-with the building of universities at the capital,
Timbuktu became a center of learning.
3. Songhai fell to Moroccans using advanced weapons
(guns and cannons) as opposed to their spears, knives
and bows and arrows.
*The kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai all profited from taxation on
trade. All traders coming through their kingdoms had to pay a tax.
III. Rise and Fall of Chinese Civilization
A. The Ming Dynasty(1368-1644)
1. founded by Zhu Yuanzhang (Hong Wu), a peasant,
Buddhist monk and army officer who overthrew the
Yuan (Mongol) dynasty.
2. brought peace and stability by imposing new laws,
reorganizing the tax system and reformed local
government.
3. Revitalization agriculture flourished
-government gave free land, tools, seeds and
animals to people willing to move and farm in
northern China.
-farmers were able to sell surplus crops in market
4. Arts and education flourished
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-libraries built
-histories and novels written
5. Exploration
a. Jheng He (Cheng Ho) Zheng He
-early in the Ming dynasty, he sailed to
Southeast Asia, India, Arabia and the east
coast of Africa showing the wealth and power
of the dynasty and demanding tribute for the
emperor.
Zheng He’s
treasure ship was
over 400 feet long
– compared to
Columbus’s Santa
Maria at 85 feet.
For 28 years, he
traveled more than
30,000 miles and
visited over 30
countries
-later Ming dynasties did not pursue
exploration-too costly, build up army at home,
did no trading with foreign countries because
trading was considered low level occupation.
6. Middle Kingdom
-China was the center of the universe (middle
kingdom)
-China considered their culture superior to all
others (ethnocentric )
-all foreigners were considered barbarians
7. Beijing
-1421 government of China moved to the northern
city of Beijing
-the Forbidden City-the home of the emperors of
China
8. Decline of the Ming Dynasty
-emperors neglected their duties and corrupt
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officials ran the government
-Manchurian invaders conquered China and in
1644 set up the Ch’ing Dynasty
IV. The Impact of the Ottoman Empire on the Middle East and
Europe
A. Turks
1. 1500’s- Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine
Empire, the Balkan Peninsula and parts of Eastern
Europe
2. Suleiman: 1520-1566
-military commander, administrator and art patron
-known as “The Lawgiver” for organizing Ottoman
laws
-acted as both sultan (political ruler) and caliph
(religious leader)
3. 1453-the Ottomans captured Constantinople, cut off
European trade with Asia and took control of the
Mediterranean
4. This propelled European countries to look for
alternate water routes to the east
V. Spain on the Eve of the Encounter
A. Reconquista (reconquest) of lands in Spain that
had been in the hands of Muslims since 700AD.
-Ferdinand and Isabella married and united their
two kingdoms and strengthened the monarchy in
Spain
-in 1492 their armies were able to defeat the last of
the Muslims in Granada in southern Spain.
B. Expulsion of Moors (Spanish Muslims) and Jews
-Ferdinand and Isabella forced all citizens to
become Catholic or leave Spain
-this was the end of religious tolerance in Spain and
caused much hardship for those Muslim and
Jewish families who had made their home here for
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centuries.
-the king and queen also set up the Spanish
Inquisition to enforce Catholic teachings in an attempt to
remove all religions other than Roman Catholic from Spain
C. Exploration and Overseas Expansion
-In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to fund the
expedition of Christopher Columbus who wanted
to sail west to reach the east (India).
-landing in the Bahamas, Columbus felt he had
discovered a new route to India and called the
inhabitants of the island Indians.
-Line of Demarcation- imaginary line drawn down
the Atlantic Ocean by the pope-all land to the West
belonged to Spain, all land to the east belonged to
Portugal
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VI. The Encounter Between Europeans and the Peoples of
Africa, the Americas and Asia. The Columbus Exchange
(flora, fauna and diseases)
A. Impact and use of technology
1. Gutenberg’s printing press
-able to spread ideas and discoveries quickly
2. Gunpowder
-used in guns and cannons
-able to defeat civilizations who lacked this
advanced technology
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3. Cartography- new and improved maps to aid in exploration
-multiple masts for speed and stability
-the work of the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy reappearswe still use his grid system based on the coordinates of
latitude and longitude
Naval Engineering- the use of triangular shaped sails helped
sail not only with the wind but also into it.
Navigational Devices:
compass- determined geographical direction
astrolabe- determined altitude of the sun.
B. European countries are now competing for colonies in
both the Americas and Asia
VII Case Study: The Columbus Exchange (flora, fauna and
diseases)
A. Columbus sails for Spain and discovers the
Americascultural diffusionpotatoes, corn and
tomatoes from America horses and small pox,
measles and influenza from Europe.
B. The population of the Americas decreased rapidly due
to these new diseases and the harsh treatment by the
Spanish and Portuguese conquerors.
C. To replace dying native American workers, the Europeans looked
elsewhere for a new source of laborAfrica.
D. Triangular Trade and Slavery
Europe
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Americas
Africa
The Africans were a good source for labor because they
had knowledge of planting and harvesting.
While a small portion of enslaved Africans went to the
southern colonies of North America, most of the slave
trade was in South America and the Caribbean.
VIII. European Expansionism becomes Global
A. Seeds are sown for European imperialism
-three forms of imperialism
1. colony-ruled directly by “mother country”
2. protectorate- the colony has its own government but
mother country guided its policies
3. sphere of influence- region of a country in
which an imperialist power held exclusive
investment or trading rights.
B. Mercantilism (economic imperialism)
-mother countries imported raw materials
from their colonies and sold expensive,
manufactured goods to the colonies. This was
a favorable balance of trade for the European
countries = export more than you import
Spain and Portugal controlled Latin America and
the islands in the Caribbean
England, France and the Dutch have colonies in
North America.
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England is beginning colonial control of India and
the Dutch are bidding for total control of present
day Indonesia
C. Spanish Colonization and the Introduction of the
Ecomienda System to Latin America
1. Treaty of Tordesilla - improved upon the Line of
Demarcation- Portugal received all land east of
the line and Spain got the land west of the line
2. The Spanish treated the natives like slaves,
forcing them to work the mines and on the
farms-this was known as the ecomienda or
hacienda system
3. The Spanish colonies had their own hierarchy:
a) Peninsulares- highest class-officials sent
from Spain to rule colonies-jobs in
government and the church
b) Creoles- American born descendants of
Spanish settlers-they were not
guaranteed any high ranking jobs
c) Mestizos- A mix of European and Indian
descent-they held jobs as shop
owners, artisans and farmers
d) Mulattos-Caucasian and African mix in
Brazil
e) African Slaves-Sent from Africa by slave
trade to Latin Americaworked for colonists
f) Native Americans- lowest ranking- worked
for colonists on their
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farms and were forced
to become Christian.
D. The Dutch Colonization of Indonesia
-the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) were rich in
natural resources and fertile soil
-the Dutch used a method called the culture system
or forced labor to get the raw material
-variety of crops grown including: coffee, pepper,
cinnamon, sugar, indigo and tin
-tin and copper were mined and loggers cut down
hardwoods such as ebony and teak
-the Dutch discouraged westernization in their
colonies
IX. Political Ideologies: Global Absolutism
Absolutism- political system in which a monarch has
complete control over the country and its
people
MAGNA CARTA- (1215) England Guaranteed nobles certain
rights over the monarch.
 King had to respect the law
 Limited his power
A. Absolute Rulers:
1. Akbar the Great (Mogul Empire-Northern India)
-expanded the Mogul empire that his grandfather,
Babur, established
-Muslim ruler who practiced religious tolerance.
-worked to end fighting among the Muslims and
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Hindus of northern India
-repealed the tax on Hindus
-brought order and peace to his empire
-encouraged education and the arts
2. Charles V-Holy Roman Emperor
-used his power to make the pope dependent on him
-influenced the pope to refuse to grant Henry VIII a
divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon. He
wanted Catherine to remain Queen of England so
that his own interests would be served.
3. Philip II (Spain- 1556-1598)
-son of Charles V
-staunch defender of the Catholic faith- he was in
favor of the inquisition and even attended
sentencings
-worked to increase his family’s (Hapsburg) power
throughout Europe.
-involved in costly wars
-religious war with the Netherlands-he wanted
to impose Catholicism and they wanted to be
Protestant
-went to war with England because they
supported the Netherlands
-in 1588, after two years of planning and
Spending-Philip’s Spanish Armada set
sail for England
-within three months they were defeated
and lost 40 ships and 15,000 men.
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4. Louis XlV- France (1638-1715)
-became king at age 5 and ruled for 73 years
-ruled absolutely by divine right
-“I am the state”- Absolute ruler
-waged many wars during his reign which depleted the
French economy
-when so many of his subjects went without- he built the
Palace of Versailles- a lavish and ornate palace outside
of Paris
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Parc_et_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles
-known as the “Sun King”
-during his reign, France became a center of culture and
trade
-when he died in 1715, Louis left a legacy of absolute
rule, social unrest and economic debt that would
eventually lead to revolution (French Revolution)
5. Peter the Great-Russia (1682-1725)
- Goal: Modernize Russia along western lines and to
achieve czarist absolutism
- Peter was nearly 7 feet tall, very intelligent, handsome
and subject to violent blind rages.
- Wanted to break the semi-oriental Russian customs by
introducing western culture and technology
- He traveled throughout Europe to gain knowledge on
western European ideals
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- Had Europeans move to Russia to work and teach
(engineers, surgeons, artists, goldsmiths, etc.)
- Peter reforms Russia-“Westernizing”
-beards were forbidden
-western clothes adopted
-seclusion of women ended
-calendar and alphabet were reformed
-modern army and navy formed
-killed anyone who stood in his way
-Wanted the new capital of St. Petersburg to be a
“window on the west”
-Transformed Russia into a strong national state under
absolute power of the czar (tsar)
-“Westernization was aimed at the upper class- serfs still
suffered
-serfs constructed roads, canals, ports, bridges and
the city of St. Petersburg.
V. James I and Divine Right Monarchy: England
A. James I: 1603-1625 With the death of Elizabeth I (who did not
marry or have children) the throne of England passed to her Scottish
cousin, James I
1. He clashed with Parliament over money and foreign
policy
2. He would not let Parliament infringe on his absolute
power.
3. He was Catholic and was frequently involved in
religious disputes with Puritans
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B. Charles I: 1625 takes throne of England
1. Charles I succeeded his father (James I) as king and absolute
monarch of England
2. He imprisoned his enemies without trial and squeezed
the nation for money
3. Charles I was involved in wars with both France and
Spain and called on Parliament for money (1628)
4. Before Parliament gave him the money, they forced
Charles to sign the Petition of Right:
Limited the power of the king
- The king was forbidden to collect taxes without the
consent of Parliament (power of the purse)
-the king could not imprison anyone without just
cause
-troops could not be housed in private homes
without the consent of the owner
-the king could not declare martial law unless the
country was at war
 Charles I does not follow Petition of Rights
a) English Civil War : (1642-1649) Charles and
Parliament continued to be at odds and civil war broke
out
1) Cavaliers-supporters of the king (Charles I)
-wealthy nobles trained in warfare
2)Roundheads-supporters of Parliament (Oliver
Cromwell)
-countrymen, town manufacturers and
Puritan clergy
-fought tough and hard with little training
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3) Charles was defeated, tried and executed
(BEHEADED)
4) Oliver Cromwell took control of the country as
a military dictator
 He then goes to Ireland and seizes land- throws Irish
off their land and kills them
 In England Declares drinking, dancing, gambling
and swearing-forbidden
 1658 Cromwell dies- son is weak ruler and can't keep
the Commonwealth going
C. Charles’ son Charles II was put on the throne (1660)- this was
known as the “Restoration”- Monarch brought back to throne of
England
1. Charles II tried to stay out of everyone’s way- he did
not want to go the way daddy did
D. Charles II was succeeded by his brother James II- a Catholic and
absolute, divine right monarch (1685)
1. The people and Parliament drove James II from power and
offered the throne to his daughter, Mary and her Protestant
husband, William
E. William of Orange and Mary Stewart: (1688) Protestant
1. James II flees to France to escape persecution: NO BLOOD
IS SHED The take over of the throne by James II's
daughter and husband is known as the *****GLORIOUS
REVOLUTION******
2. Before they were allowed to take the throne, they had to
agree to certain conditions- this became known as the:
English Bill of Rights (1689): again set up to limit power of the
Monarch:
 monarchs had to summon Parliament regularly
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 House of Commons had power of taxation
 monarch could not interfere with Parliamentary
laws or suspend laws
 banned Catholics from sitting on the throne
 limited monarchy (aka Constitutional Monarchy)
 trial by jury and eliminate cruel and unjust
punishment
* Habeas Corpus-no one could be kept in prison
without being charged with a crime
3. Result of Glorious Revolution:
 Protestant Monarch takes the throne, and a Catholic
Monarch has not sat on the throne of England since
James II
 Constitutional Monarchy is set up: Monarch has to
work with Parliament and follow the rules
 People of England were granted new freedoms
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