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Phoenix College COM 100 – Introduction to Communication Instructor: Randon Chapter Objectives I. Explain the nature and functions of nonverbal communication. II. List and explain the ten channels of nonverbal communication. III. Describe ways to improve your nonverbal communication skills. Chapter Outline I. The nature and functions of nonverbal communication. A. Nonverbal communication involves the behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without the use of words. B. There are six characteristics of nonverbal communication. 1. Nonverbal communication is present in most communication contexts. a. When you talk with people one-on-one or in a group, you have access not only to their spoken words, but also to several dimensions of nonverbal communication. b. In contexts lacking face-to-face communication, we still make use of what is available, including vocal qualities and emoticons, the familiar textual representations of facial expressions. 2. Nonverbal communication often conveys more information than verbal communication. a. Nonverbal channels are the various behavioral forms that nonverbal communication takes. b. We rely on clues from nonverbal channels to make sense of a situation when talking is not an option. 3. Nonverbal communication is usually believed over verbal communication, and helps us to detect deception, the act of leading someone to believe something you know to be untrue. 4. Nonverbal communication is the primary means of expressing emotion. a. We are highly visual beings, and we tend to pay attention to people’s facial expressions. According to Ekman, six basic emotions are communicated through facial expressions: i. Happiness ii. Fear iii. Disgust iv. Anger v. Sadness vi. Surprise b. We also pay attention to vocal cues to understand a person’s emotional state. 5. Nonverbal communication metacommunicates. 6. Nonverbal communication serves multiple functions. a. Nonverbal communication helps us manage conversations. b. Nonverbal communication helps us maintain relationships through the use of immediacy behaviors, or nonverbal signals of affection and affiliation. c. Nonverbal communication helps us form impressions. d. Nonverbal communication helps us influence other people. e. Nonverbal communication helps us conceal information. II. Ten channels of nonverbal communication. A. Facial displays are facial expressions. 1. According to the principle of facial primacy, the face communicates more information than any other channel of nonverbal behavior. 2. Three functions of facial displays include: a. Revealing identity. b. Signaling attractiveness. i. Symmetry is the similarity between the left and right sides of your face. ii. Proportionality refers to the relative size of your facial features. c. Expressing emotion. 3. Facial expressions are also extremely important to those who communicate through sign language. B. The eyes communicate more than any other part of the face. The study of eye behavior is oculesics. 1. Eye contact is used to signal attraction, gain credibility, persuade, and intimidate. C. D. E. F. G. 2. Pupil dilation is a reaction to different social situations and conversational partners, (for example, when we experience excitement, sexual arousal, anxiety, or fear). The study of movement is kinesics, and the use of arm and hand movements to communicate is gesticulation. 1. An emblem is any gesture that has a direct verbal translation. 2. Illustrators are gestures that clarify the verbal message. 3. Affect displays are gestures that communicate emotion. 4. Regulators are gestures that control the flow of conversation. 5. Adaptors are gestures one uses to satisfy some personal need. Haptics is the study of how we use touch to communicate, and there are five major areas in which touch plays a critical role in conveying meaning: 1. Affectionate touch. 2. Caregiving touch. 3. Power and control touch. 4. Aggressive touch. 5. Ritualistic touch. Characteristics of the voice are referred to as vocalics or paralanguage. Nine characteristics of the voice go along with words we speak to convey meaning: 1. Pitch. 2. Inflection. 3. Volume. 4. Rate. 5. Filler words. 6. Pronunciation. 7. Articulation. 8. Accent. 9. Silence. Our sense of smell, or olfactics, operates subtly but powerfully to influence our reactions to other people. 1. Smell can influence our memories and moods, and olfactic association is the tendency of odors to bring up specific memories. 2. Smell also affects communication by playing a role in determining to whom we are sexually attracted. The scientific study of spatial use is called proxemics, and according to Hall, people use four different spatial zones: 1. Intimate distance (0 to 1 ½ feet) is the zone we occupy with our closest and most intimate friends, family members, and romantic partners. 2. Personal distance (1 ½ to 4 feet) is the zone we occupy with other friends and relatives. 3. Social distance (4 to 12 feet) is the zone we use with customers, casual acquaintances, and others whom we don’t know very well. 4. Public distance (12 to 25 feet or greater) is the zone used when someone is giving a speech or performing in front of a large audience. H. Physical appearance is an important aspect of nonverbal communication, as we make judgments about people based on their looks. 1. The halo effect suggests we have a strong predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people. 2. Because physical attractiveness is so highly valued, some people go to dangerous extremes to achieve it. I. Chronemics is the way we use time as communicators. J. Artifacts are the objects and visual features within an environment that reflect who we are and what we like. III. Improving your nonverbal communication skills. A. Interpreting nonverbal communication. 1. Be sensitive to nonverbal messages. a. Pay attention to facial expressions. b. Take note of tone of voice and body movements. 2. Decipher the meaning of nonverbal messages. a. Consider both the social situation and the nonverbal behaviors that are being enacted. b. Keep in mind that cultural differences influence the meaning of nonverbal messages. c. When you are unsure, ask the person to confirm the meaning. B. Expressing nonverbal messages. 1. Spend time with highly expressive people. 2. Take part in games and activities that exercise your nonverbal skills.