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1. Which part of the blood vessel system allows exchange of nutrients/waste products between the blood and tissue cells? A) Elastic arteries B) Muscular arteries C) Capillaries D) Veins 2. Which part of the blood vessel system primarily serves as a blood reservoir? A) Elastic arteries B) Muscular arteries C) Capillaries D) Veins 3. Which part of the blood vessel system primarily helps maintaining a continuous blood flow during cardiac diastole? A) Elastic arteries B) Muscular arteries C) Capillaries D) Veins 4. Normally blood flows from heart to arteries to capillaries to veins and finally back to the heart. However, in two portal systems, one of the following routes of blood flow exists. A) heart arteries capillaries veins capillaries veins heart B) heart arteries capillaries arteries heart C) heart veins capillaries arteries capillaries veins heart D) heart capillaries arteries veins heart 5. Smooth muscles are present in ____ of blood vessels. A) tunica media B) tunica intima C) tunica adventitia 6. At resting state, small arteries are ____. A) maximally constricted B) maximally dilated C) partially constricted 7. Which of the following material cannot penetrate capillary wall in most tissues? A) O2 and CO2 B) Amino acids C) Glucose D) Proteins E) Sodium ions 8. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A) B) C) D) Blood pressure is contributed by heart contraction. Blood pressure is contributed by vasoconstriction as well. Blood pressure is the pressure inside blood vessels. Blood pressure in arteries is equal to the blood pressure in veins. 9. Which of the following statements about systolic pressure is NOT true? A) Systolic pressure is detected during ventricular ejection. B) Systolic pressure is detected during ventricular dilation. C) The normal range of systolic pressure is 90-140 mmHg D) Systolic pressure is the highest pressure inside blood vessels during any single cardiac cycle. 10. A lady's blood pressure is 120/75 mmHg. Her mean arterial pressure should be ___. A) 75 mmHg B) 90 mmHg C) 97.5 mmHg D) 120 mmHg 11. Which of the following factors can affect peripheral resistance? A) blood viscosity B) length of blood vessels C) diameter of blood vessels D) all of the above 12. Which of the above factors listed in question #11 is normally under physiological regulation? 13. The routes for capillary exchange between blood and tissue fluid include ___. A) intercellular cleft B) fenestration C) endothelial cell body D) all of the above 14. The mechanisms of capillary exchange include ___. A) diffusion B) transcytosis C) filtration and reabsorption D) all of the above 15. Filtration is the process of ____. A) net fluid movement from plasma to tissue fluid B) net fluid movement from tissue fluid to plasma C) net fluid movement from plasma to tissue fluid or from tissue fluid to plasma D) tanscytosis through endothelial cell bodies 16. A decrease in plasma protein content will result in ____. A) an increase in plasma colloid osmotic pressure B) an increase in reabsorption of water C) accumulation of tissue fluid D) an decrease in filtration 17. Venous blood flow is assisted by ___. A) pressure gradient between capillaries and atria B) respiration C) skeletal muscle contraction D) all of the above 18. Which of the following has highest priority? A) maintaining mean arterial pressure within normal range B) maintaining blood flow to kidneys no matter what happens to mean arterial pressure C) maintaining blood flow to liver no matter what happens to mean arterial pressure D) maintaining blood flow to intestines no matter what happens to mean arterial pressure E) maintaining blood flow to all peripheral organs no matter what happens to mean arterial pressure 19. Which organ has the highest priority of receiving blood supply? A) liver B) kidneys C) lungs D) brain E) intestines 20. What will happen following neural and hormonal responses to a sudden decrease in mean arterial blood pressure? A) Heart rate will decrease. B) Stoke volume will decrease C) Arterioles in peripheral organs will constrict D) Arterioles in peripheral organs will dilate 21. Vasoconstriction can be induced by ____. A) parasympathetic nervous system B) angiotensin II C) metabolic products such as adenosine and CO2 D) low pH 22. Which of the following factors are involved in maintaining mean arterial pressure? A) Baroreceptor-initiated reflexes B) vasopressin C) metabolic products such as adenosine and lactate in local tissues D) both A and B 23. Which of the following factors is primarily involved in autoregulation of blood flow to a peripheral organ? A) Baroreceptor-initiated reflexes B) vasopressin C) metabolic products such as adenosine and lactate in local tissues D) both A and B 24. An increase in sympathetic nervous activity can cause vasoconstriction in all the organs except ___. A) intestine B) kidneys C) skin D) brain E) liver 25. Which of the following is NOT involved in baroreceptor-initiated reflexes? A) carotid body B) sympathetic nerves C) cardiovascular center D) vascular smooth muscles E) heart 26. Which of the following parameter changes is detected by baroreceptors? A) change in blood pressure B) change in blood O2 C) change in blood CO2 D) change in blood pH 27. Vasodilation occurs in all peripheral organs except the lungs when ____. A) the local tissue (not blood) CO2 decreases B) the local tissue (not blood) O2 decreases C) the local tissue (not blood) pH increases D) the local tissue (not blood) O2 increases 28. Which of the following hormones induces vasodilation? A) angiotensin II B) norepinephrine C) vasopressin D) atrial natriuretic peptide 29. Accumulation of metabolic waste product such as adenosine and lactate in myocardium can cause ____ of small branches of coronary arteries. A) vasoconstriction B) vasodilation C) no change 30. Arteries and arterioles in brain are ______. A) very responsive to neural and hormonal control B) not responsive to neural and hormonal control C) not responsive to local metabolic waste products such as CO2. 31. Being exposed to low external environmental temperature, arterioles under skin ___ . A) dilate to keep skin warm B) constrict to reduce the loss of heat C) don’t constrict or dilate 32. Low O2 in the lungs causes ____. A) vasodilation of pulmonary arteries B) vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries C) no change of pulmonary arteries 1C 2D 3A 4A 5A 6C 7D 8D 9B 10B 11D 12C 13D 14D 15A 16C 17D 18A 19D 20C 21B 22D 23C 24D 25A 26A 27B 28D 29B 30B 31B 32B