Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Diabetes Mellitus Classification & Pathogenesis Dr. SaminaRizvi Associate Professor Pathology JSMU Objectives of Lecture 1.Present an overview of the common forms of Diabetes Mellitus 2.Review the pathogenesis of each 3.Describe the risk factors for developing each Definition of Diabetes Mellitus A chronic disorder of carbohydrate & fat metabolism….. due to absolute/or relative deficiency in insulin secretion……. &/or ineffective biological responses to insulin….. resulting in hyperglycemia To maintain a constant blood glucose level, the body relies on two hormones produced in the pancreas that have opposite actions: insulin and glucagon. Classification of DiabetesMellitus PRIMARY DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS or Juvenile Onset diabetes TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS or Adult Onset diabetes Two Major Forms of DM Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) -Absolute insulin deficiency resulting from beta-cell destruction….. usually caused by an autoimmune process and these patients are prone to ketoacidosis. Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) -Biological ineffectiveness of insulin action (Insulin resistance) and/or beta cell secretory defects…..a major factor is thought to be acquisition of visceral obesity in genetically susceptible individuals Types of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Gestational Diabetes Other types: LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of youth) Secondary Diabetes Mellitus Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) SECONDARY DIABETES MELLITUS Drug induced hyperglycemia MODY Maturity –onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a subgroup due to monogenic disorder characterized by non-insulin –dependent diabetes with autosomal dominant inheritance and an age at onset of 25 years or younger. Diagnosis confirmed by genetic testing. LADA Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is a form of autoimmune (type 1 diabetes) which is diagnosed in individuals who are older than the usual age of onset of type 1 diabetes. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) -Pattern A: autoimmune process -Pattern B: unknown cause (viral?) Pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes. Implicated viruses: Clinical features of Type 1 diabetes. Pathogenesis of T2DM Risk Factors for T2DM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Family history/genetics Western life-style Tobacco us Lack of exercise Hypertension & Hyperlipidemia Laboratory findings Urinary analysis Blood test procedures B cell Reserve Evaluation Autoantibodies Lipoprotein Abormalities in Diabetes Blood test procedures A. Glucose Tolerance Test B. Glycated Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A1) measurements C. Serum Fructosamine D. Self –Monitoring of Blood Glucose