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Matter Notes Matter vs. Mass I. mass space Matter is anything that has _________ and takes up ___________. solids __________, liquids and ________... gases Examples: ________, (the three states of matter) • light Things that are NOT matter: __________, heat, emotions ________, sound... matter A. Mass is the amount of ___________ contained in an object. gravity B. Weight is the measure of ___________ pulling on a certain mass. Volume C. ____________ is the amount of space an object occupies. kilogram • The standard metric unit for mass is the ______________. States of Matter III. There are 3 states (or phases) of matter. phase definite shape definite volume compressible solid YES YES NO liquid NO NO YES NO NO YES gas A.Solids– are ____________ matter They have a definite shape and volume matter B. Liquids – are ___________ They take the shape of their container, volume but still have a definite ________________. matter C. Gases – are also _________ They take the shape of their container, and they completely _____________ fill any volume of container in which they are placed • States of Matter A _________ Vapor is a term used for the gaseous form of a substance liquid or _______ solid at room temperature.) that is normally a ________ Example: _______ water vapor (steam) plasma D. There is a fourth state of matter called _________. It consists of superheated “soup” of bits and pieces of atoms. It only exists 100,000 at temperatures above _____________ °C, so it is not found naturally on earth. The two best known locales for plasma are stars and during the detonation of a the interior of _________ hydrogen bomb. States of Matter IV. States of matter can be described in terms of the Particle Model Theory • There are attractive forces between particles. SOLIDS A. In solids, the particles are arranged in an orderly manner with strong attraction __________________ between particles. The vibrate ___ in particles ________ place but do not move ________ from place to place. LIQUIDS freely B. In liquids, the particles move more __________ from place to place, and slide past each other in constant motion. However, they essentially contact remain in __________ with each other at all times as the slide around, so there is not much energy change in __________. The forces are strong enough to keep the particles from flying away. GASES C. In gases, the particles move around very ________. fast The gas particles collide violently with each other and bounce away, so they do not _________ stay in contact with each other. V. Two Categories of Matter A. Pure Substances - a substance whose component parts are always uniform matter. They have the same phase and properties throughout. They can not be physically separated into simpler substances. • Example - oxygen, nitrogen, water (pure) Types of Pure Substances • Elements - * Basic building block of all matter. • 114 known elements, approx. 90 are naturally occurring. The rest are man made. • 85 of them make up 99 % of the earth's crust. Elements vs. Compounds 1) Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down by an physical ordinary _____________ change. • Elements are the _________ simplest forms of matter that can exists in normal laboratory conditions. Examples: _______, Gold Helium, __________ Mercury 2 or 2) Compounds are homogeneous substances made up of ____ ________ different elements which are chemically combined. more a) Compounds can only be broken down into simpler substances by ____________ chemical ____________. reactions Cannot be separated by __________ physical changes. Salt (NaCl) Examples: _______ Water (H2O), _______________ I. Mixtures • Mixture - A physical blend of two or more substances. d) Can be created or separated into physical its components by a ___________ change- does not require a chemical reaction ( magnetism, distillation, sifting, etc. ) Types of Mixtures f) Heterogeneous mixture - a mixture that is not uniform in composition – samples __________ differ a great deal in composition if tested in different locations. • Example -soil, concrete, granite, sand and water at the beach. Heterogeneous Mixtures Types of Mixtures • Homogeneous mixture - a mixture that has uniform composition • Example - air, salt water in the ocean, blood, most toothpaste ( not Aquafresh, etc.) Solutions • Solutions - a special type of homogeneous mixture that does not scatter light ( can see through it. Doesn‘t have to be clear. One substance dissolves into another. ) • Characteristics - Usually a single phase (tap water, air) , more than two ingredients ( mixture ) , clear ( Does not scatter light ) Solutions Mixed ___________ molecule to molecule The mixing is so complete that solution homogeneous are considered to be ____________ mixture • Can occur between any state of matter – Table 2.3, page 33 – gas in gas; liquid in gas; gas in liquid; solid in liquid; solid in solid (alloys), etc. Homogeneous Mixtures Classification of Matter uniform properties? fixed composition? no heterogeneous mixture no solution no element yes compound chemically decomposable? http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures hydrogen atoms oxygen atoms (a) an element (hydrogen) (b) a compound (water) hydrogen atoms Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68 (c) a mixture (hydrogen and oxygen) (d) a mixture (hydrogen and oxygen) Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures hydrogen atoms oxygen atoms (a) an element (hydrogen) (b) a compound (water) hydrogen atoms Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68 (c) a mixture (hydrogen and oxygen) (d) a mixture (hydrogen and oxygen) Mixture vs. Compound Different Alike Variable Composition Involve substances Topic No bonds between components Can be separated by physical means Mixture Different Fixed Composition Topic Contain two or more elements Can be separated into elements Compound Bonds between components Can ONLY be separated by chemical means Chromatography • inks One way to separate a _________ and ___________ dyes is by chromatography. It is the physical separation of a mixture into its individual components. It involves using a solvent to pass through the mixture. What solvent should I use? The solvent used depends upon the solubility of the mixture you are trying to separate. Examples are water, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, acetone, and petroleum ether. Paper Chromatography Can be used to separate the components of inks, dyes, plant compounds (chlorophyll), make-up, and many other substances