Download Chem A Week 2 Matter Notes

Matter Notes
Matter vs. Mass
I.
mass
space
Matter is anything that has _________
and takes up ___________.
solids __________,
liquids and ________...
gases
Examples: ________,
(the three
states of matter)
•
light
Things that are NOT matter: __________,
heat, emotions
________, sound...
matter
A. Mass is the amount of ___________
contained in an object.
gravity
B. Weight is the measure of ___________
pulling on a certain mass.
Volume
C. ____________
is the amount of space an object occupies.
kilogram
• The standard metric unit for mass is the ______________.
States of Matter
III. There are 3 states (or phases) of matter.
phase
definite shape definite volume
compressible
solid
YES
YES
NO
liquid
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
gas
A.Solids– are ____________
matter
They have a definite shape and volume
matter
B. Liquids – are ___________
They take the shape of their container,
volume
but still have a definite ________________.
matter
C. Gases – are also _________
They take the shape of their container,
and they completely _____________
fill
any volume of container in
which they are placed
•
States of Matter
A _________
Vapor
is a term used for the gaseous form of a substance
liquid or _______
solid at room temperature.)
that is normally a ________
Example: _______
water vapor (steam)
plasma
D. There is a fourth state of matter called _________.
It consists
of superheated “soup” of bits and pieces of atoms. It only exists
100,000
at temperatures above _____________
°C, so it is not found
naturally on earth. The two best known locales for plasma are
stars and during the detonation of a
the interior of _________
hydrogen bomb.
States of Matter
IV.
States of matter can be described in terms of the
Particle Model Theory
• There are attractive forces
between particles.
SOLIDS
A. In solids, the particles are
arranged in an orderly
manner with
strong attraction
__________________
between particles. The
vibrate ___
in
particles ________
place but do not move
________
from place to place.
LIQUIDS
freely
B. In liquids, the particles move more __________
from place to place, and slide past each other in
constant motion. However, they essentially
contact
remain in __________
with each other at all
times as the slide around, so there is not much
energy
change in __________.
The forces are strong
enough to keep the particles from flying away.
GASES
C. In gases, the particles
move around very
________.
fast
The gas particles collide
violently with each other
and bounce away, so they
do not
_________
stay in contact
with each other.
V. Two Categories of Matter
A. Pure Substances - a substance whose
component parts are always uniform matter.
They have the same phase and properties
throughout. They can not be physically
separated into simpler substances.
• Example - oxygen, nitrogen, water (pure)
Types of Pure Substances
• Elements - * Basic
building block of all
matter.
• 114 known elements,
approx. 90 are naturally
occurring. The rest are
man made.
•
85 of them make up
99 % of the earth's
crust.
Elements vs. Compounds
1) Elements are pure substances that
cannot be broken down by an
physical
ordinary _____________
change.
•
Elements are the _________
simplest forms of matter that can exists in
normal laboratory conditions.
Examples: _______,
Gold Helium, __________
Mercury
2 or
2) Compounds are homogeneous substances made up of ____
________
different elements which are chemically combined.
more
a) Compounds can only be broken down into simpler substances by
____________
chemical
____________.
reactions
Cannot be separated by
__________
physical changes.
Salt (NaCl)
Examples: _______
Water (H2O), _______________
I. Mixtures
• Mixture - A physical blend of
two or more substances. d) Can
be created or separated into
physical
its components by a ___________
change- does not require a chemical reaction
( magnetism, distillation, sifting, etc. )
Types of Mixtures
f) Heterogeneous mixture - a mixture that
is not uniform in composition – samples
__________
differ a great deal in composition if
tested in different locations.
• Example -soil, concrete, granite, sand and
water at the beach.
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Types of Mixtures
• Homogeneous mixture - a mixture that
has uniform composition
• Example - air, salt water in the ocean,
blood, most toothpaste ( not Aquafresh,
etc.)
Solutions
• Solutions - a special type of homogeneous
mixture that does not scatter light ( can see
through it. Doesn‘t have to be clear. One
substance dissolves into another. )
• Characteristics - Usually a single
phase (tap water, air) , more than
two ingredients ( mixture ) , clear
( Does not scatter light )
Solutions
Mixed ___________
molecule to molecule
The mixing is so complete that solution
homogeneous
are considered to be ____________
mixture
• Can occur between any state of matter
– Table 2.3, page 33
– gas in gas; liquid in gas; gas in liquid;
solid in liquid; solid in solid (alloys),
etc.
Homogeneous Mixtures
Classification of Matter
uniform
properties?
fixed
composition?
no
heterogeneous
mixture
no
solution
no
element
yes
compound
chemically
decomposable?
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld003.htm
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
(a)
an element
(hydrogen)
(b)
a compound
(water)
hydrogen
atoms
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
(c)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)
(d)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
hydrogen
atoms
oxygen atoms
(a)
an element
(hydrogen)
(b)
a compound
(water)
hydrogen
atoms
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 68
(c)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)
(d)
a mixture
(hydrogen
and oxygen)
Mixture vs. Compound
Different
Alike
Variable
Composition
Involve
substances
Topic
No bonds
between
components
Can be
separated by
physical means
Mixture
Different
Fixed
Composition
Topic
Contain
two or more
elements
Can be
separated
into
elements
Compound
Bonds
between
components
Can ONLY be
separated by
chemical means
Chromatography
•
inks
One way to separate a _________
and ___________
dyes
is by
chromatography. It is the physical separation of a mixture into its
individual components. It involves using a solvent to pass through
the mixture. What solvent should I use? The solvent used depends
upon the solubility of the mixture you are trying to separate.
Examples are water, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, acetone, and
petroleum ether.
Paper Chromatography
Can be used to separate the
components of inks, dyes, plant
compounds (chlorophyll), make-up,
and many other substances