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The use of biological records to understand a changing environment: what have we learnt from 50 years of BRC? The challenge • Species & ecosystems increasingly threatened by multiple anthropogenic pressures • Policy makers need sound evidence to protect the environment, mitigate impacts, regulate use of resources etc • ......but spend on monitoring is reducing • Can biological recording by volunteers deliver useful data in a cost effective manner? Tree of national recording schemes Atlas published Repeat atlas Key Publications: Pocock et al. (2015) Foster (2015) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Species Issue The impact on understanding change Atlases showing national distributions: 12,127 species from 40 taxon groups Publication Taxon # primary citations # secondary Hindex citations Gibbons, Reid & Chapman (1993) Perring & Walters (1962) Sharrock (1976) Asher et al. (2001) Preston, Pearman & Dines (2002) Heath, Pollard & Thomas (1984) Lack (1986) Luff (1998) Arnold (1993) Kerney (1999) Birds Plants Birds Butterflies Plants Butterflies Birds Ground beetles (Carabidae) Mammals Land and freshwater molluscs 585 311 450 344 505 148 151 94 43 158 21919 11643 14666 13742 10424 9210 4399 1652 1282 2352 Key Publications: Pocock et al. (2015); Powney & Isaac (2015); Chapman et al. (2015) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Species Issue 68 59 57 51 48 48 32 23 21 20 Examples of applying biological recording data http://www.brc.ac.uk/article/brc-50th-anniversary-brochure-published Key Publications: Roy et. al (2014); Pocock et al. (2015); Roy, Preston, Roy (2015) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Species Issue The contribution of volunteer recorders to our understanding of biological invasions • Most non-native species are from Asia and Europe • Rate of arrivals increasing particularly from Asia Key Publications: Roy et al. (2015) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Species Issue Comma 1970-1982 Comma 1970-1982 New squares 1995-2012 1970-1982 Geographical range margins of a wide range of taxonomic groups continue to expand northwards Key Publications: Mason et al. (2015); Thomas & Gillingham (2015); Gillingham et al. (2015) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Species Issue Disappearance of boreal plants in southern Britain: habitat loss or climate change? Boreal plant decline since 1970 Boreal plant richness 1700-1969 Key Publications: Hill & Preston (2015); Pescott, Walker et al. (2015) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Species Issue Disappearance of boreal plants in southern Britain: habitat loss or climate change? Boreal vascular plants decreased by approximately 41%, whereas their matched more southern species decreased by approximately 24%. Declines for bryophytes averaged 15% for boreal species and 15% for their partners. Climate change is now having an effect comparable to that of habitat loss on boreal vascular plants in southern 1960-2002 Key Publications: Hill & Preston (2015). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Special Issue Air pollution and its effects on lichens, bryophytes, and lichen-feeding Lepidoptera: review and evidence from biological records 1960-1980 Key Publications: Pescott, Simkin et al. (2015). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Special Issue 1990-2010 The role of ecological interactions in determining species ranges and range changes Macro-moths Auchenorrhyncha on Phragmites australis Euides speciosa (photo: Tristan Bantock); Pentastiridius leporinus (photo: Barry Stewart ); Chloriona smaragdula and Paralimnus phragmitis (photos: Gernot Kunz). Phytophagous insects (1265 analysed) rarely use full range of their food plants Key Publications: Stewart et al. (2015) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Species Issue Recent trends in UK insects that inhabit early successional stages of ecosystems • 299 species (10 groups) • most early seral species that are living near their northern climatic limits in the UK have increased • species restricted to early stages of woodland regeneration have fared worse than those restricted to grasslands or, especially, heathland 1992-2002 Key Publications: Thomas, J.A. et al. (2015). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Special Issue NPMS www.npms.org.uk A manifesto for the future • Collectively identify gaps in what to record and where • Invertebrates, soil biota, uplands, coasts, diseases, extinctions…. [Gurney (2015); Purse & Golding (2015), BJLS, BRC Special Issue] • Assess and account for survey type, ID certainty and bias • Combining citizen science, structured monitoring…. [Isaac & Pocock (2015); Pescott et al (2015). BJLS, BRC Special Issue] • Build and nourish a network of recorders and experts • Feedback, motivation, appropriate tools… [August et al. (2015), BJLS, BRC Special Issue] • Understand challenges and opportunities from new data types • How to store and integrate eDNA, sounds, photos, videos…. [Lawson Handley (2015); BJLS, BRC Special Issue] • What data do we need to help address emerging challenges? • Ecological traits, species associations, environmental data…. [Preston & Pearman (2015); Oliver & Roy (2015), BJLS, BRC Special Issue] Key Publications: Sutherland et al. (2015). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Special Issue Acknowledgements: All volunteer recorders & co-ordinating organisations Key Publications: Maes et al. (2015); Gurney (2015); Isaac & Pocock (2015); Powney & Isaac (2015) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, BRC Species Issue