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AP Biology Ch 24.3-26.2 Process of making a species Biological Species Concept: Populations are no longer capable of interbreeding Is speciation a slow process? Fast process? Both? Charles Darwin Phyletic Gradualism: Slower process gradually developing species Support: Various fossil lineages Variation in large populations Allopatric speciation Ex: Homo sapiens Stephen J. Gould Punctuated Equilibrium: Rapid process & is followed by long periods of stasis Support: Various fossil lineages Parapatric speciation Sympatric speciation Adaptive Radiation Ex: Tyrannosaurus Rex Adaptive Radiation: Presence of new ecological conditions leads to the diversification of many species Divergent Evolution: Anagenesis One species evolves into another species Cladogenesis One species evolves into separate species Convergent Evolution: Distantly related species converge on similar structures Bats, Birds, Butterflies wings are analogous structures Parallel Evolution: Similar environments produce many similar species Coevolution? Probably incorrectly applied to interspecific competition Evolution is not goal oriented! There is no primary body plan for any species Natural Selection must work with current body plan Ex: 6 wings on birds would be awesome Adaptations are often compromises Ex: Seal flippers instead of legs 18th century taxonomist Developed a scientific universal naming system Every species receives: Two word name 1st word is capitalized (Genus) 2nd word is lowercase (species descriptor) Latin or Greek Italicized Turdus migratorius Grouping species based upon similarities Dendrobates pumilio Dendrobates auratus Dendrobates leucomelas Dendrobates azureus Dendrobates tinctorius Presumed relationships: Fossils Homologous structures DNA sequences https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0giXTjclyQ Commonly used analogy to describe the relationships between all species on Earth Branches represent different evolutionary histories a study that applies the scientific method to the construction of evolutionary relationships. Resulting diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared traits Derived character: Common trait among closely related species Common ancestor: Ancestral species in which two extant species share Analyze species 2. Analyze shared, derived characters 1. 3. Create a cladogram (primitive derived) Species names at top Derived characters across the bottom