Download Blood ppt1 - John Bowne High School

Blood
The average human has 5 litres of blood(Average Blood
Volume is 4 to 6 liters). This is 8% of body weight.
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It is a transporting fluid
It carries vital substances to all parts of the body
Blood is the only fluid tissue.
Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living cells,
the formed elements, are suspended in the nonliving
fluid called plasma.
Composition of Blood
Formed Elements : Erythrocytes, Leukocytes , Platelets & Plasma.
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
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Centrifuged blood
55% Plasma: Serum and fibrinogen
<1% Buffy Coat: White blood cells
(leukocytes)
45% Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Hematocrit: RBC volume = ~45%
plasma (55%)
red blood cells
(5-6-million /ml)
white blood cells
(5000/ml)
platelets
Plasma
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Straw-colored liquid.
Consists of H20 and dissolved
solutes.
Ions, metabolites, hormones,
antibodies.
Na+ is the major solute of the
plasma.
liquid part of blood
 Plasma transports
soluble food molecules
waste products
hormones
antibodies
RED BLOOD CELLS SPECIALISATIONS
1) biconcave shape
2) no nucleus
 extra space inside
3) contain haemoglobin
 the oxygen carrying
molecule
increases the
surface area so
more oxygen can be
carried
HAEMOGLOBIN
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gives red blood cells
their colour
can carry up to 4
molecules of O2
contains iron
White blood cells
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the bodies “defence”
part of the immune
system
much larger than RBCs
far fewer
have a nucleus
4000-13000 per mm3
PLATELETS
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Also called thrombocytes.
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Lack nuclei.
Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3
Important in blood clotting:
Constitute most of the mass of the clot.
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Release serotonin to reduce blood flow to area.
Secrete growth factors
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Maintain the integrity of blood vessel wall.
ANEMIA: A DECREASE IN THE OXYGENCARRYING CAPACITY OF THE BLOOD
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Anemia results from:
 Lower # RBCs
 Deficient hemoglobin
Sickle Cell Anemia:
 Deficient hemoglobin
It is the most common
genetic disease in the U.S.
An estimated 70,000-80,000 Americans have sickle cell disease.
Normal red blood cells are round like doughnuts, and they move through small
blood tubes in the body to deliver oxygen.
Sickle red blood cells become hard, sticky and shaped like sickles used to cut 
wheat.
When these hard and pointed red cells go through the small blood tube, they 
clog the flow and break apart. This can cause pain, damage and a low blood
count, or anemia.
HOW IS SICKLE CELL ANEMIA INHERITED?
A person with the trait carries one abnormal
hemoglobin gene inherited from one parent
(S, E, C, etc.) and one normal hemoglobin
gene from the other parent ( type A). Typically,
sickle cell trait is the presence of hemoglobin
AS.
If both parents have type AS hemoglobin (one
normal and one abnormal), there is:
a 25% chance that the child will have sickle
cell disease,
a 50% chance that the child will have sickle
cell trait, and
a 25% chance that the child will have neither
the disease or trait.
These chances are the same for each child.
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WHO GETS SICKLE CELL?
Sickle cell disease affects people of many
nationalities including Italians, Latin Americans,
Greeks, Arabs, and Asiatic Indians. However, it
disproportionately affects people of African descent.
All states now screen all newborns for sickle cell. In
the U.S., approximately 1 out of 10-12 African
Americans has sickle cell trait, and 1 out of 400-500
African American newborns has the disease.
Approximately 1 out of 1,000-1,400 Hispanic
newborns has the disease.
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CALCULATE THE FOLLOWING STATISTICS
1. If 1 in 10 African Americans have the sickle 
cell trait, and 1 in 400 have the disease , how
many African Americans have the trait and how
many the disease in a population of
approximately 35 million?
STATISTICS
10% have the trait. 0.1x35 million = 3.5 million
0.25% have the disease. 0.0025x35 million = 
87,500
Symptoms of anemia include: 
Complications of sickle cell anemia include:
frequent infections:
delayed growth and development:
hand-foot syndrome
eye problems:
eye problems:
pulmonary hypertension
stroke:
priapism: painful erections caused by sickle cells
blocking blood flow out of the penis
organ failure:
skin ulcers on the lower legs:
fatigue
breathlessness
rapid heartbeat
headache
cold hands and feet
paleness
chest pain
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THALASSEMIA
MEDITERRANEAN ANEMIA; COOLEY'S ANEMIA; BETA
THALASSEMIA; ALPHA THALASSEMIA
Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in
which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin, the protein in red
blood cells that carries oxygen.
The disorder results in excessive destruction of red blood cells, which leads
to anemia.
There are two main types of thalassemia:
Alpha thalassemia occurs when a gene or genes related to the alpha globin
protein are missing or changed (mutated).
Beta thalassemia occurs when similar gene defects affect production of the
beta globin protein.
Alpha thalassemias occur most commonly in persons from southeast Asia,
the Middle East, China, and in those of African descent.
Beta thalassemias occur in persons of Mediterranean origin, and to a lesser
extent, Chinese, other Asians, and African Americans.
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FACIAL DEFORMITIES DUE TO AN INCREASED
BONE MARROW SPACE IN A CHILD
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EXCESSIVE RBCS (ERYTHROCYTES)
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Polycythemia - abnormal increase in erythrocytes,
caused by:
 Bone marrow cancer
 High altitudes
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Thickens and slows blood, impairs circulation
About 5 million Americans need blood transfusions every year, for all sorts of reasons.
Sometimes, a transfusion is an emergency (like losing blood after an accident). Sometimes it's
expected (as with treatment for cancer).
Whatever the reason, blood transfusions are one of the most common hospital procedures.
While transfusions are common, there's a lot more to them than just taking blood from one
person and using it to help someone else. It's very important to keep the blood supply safe. So,
each unit of blood goes through many tests to check for infectious diseases and establish the
blood type.
Four Blood Groups...
It might seem like blood is blood — it all looks pretty much the same to the naked eye. But
although all blood contains the same basic components (red cells, white cells, platelets, and
plasma), not everyone has the same types of markers on the surface of their red blood cells.
These markers (also called antigens) are proteins and sugars that our bodies use to identify the
blood cells as belonging in our own system.
Blood cell markers are microscopic. But they can make the difference between blood being
accepted or rejected after a transfusion. So medical experts group blood into types based on
the different markers
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The four main blood groups are: 
1.Type A. This blood type has a marker known 
as "A."
2.Type B. This blood type has a marker known 
as "B."
3.Type AB. The blood cells in this type have 
both A and B markers.
4.Type O. This blood type has neither A or B 
The immune system produces proteins known as antibodies that act as protectors if foreign
cells enter the body. Depending on which blood type you have, your immune system will
produce antibodies to react against other blood types.
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If a patient is given the wrong blood type, the antibodies immediately set out to destroy the
invading cells. This aggressive, whole-body response can give someone a fever, chills, and low
blood pressure. It can even lead vital body systems — like breathing or kidneys — to fail.
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Here's an example of how the blood type-antibody process works: Let's say you have Type A
blood. Because your blood contains the A marker, it produces B antibodies. If B markers (found
in Type B or AB blood) enter your body, your Type A immune system gets fired up against them.
That means you can only get a transfusion from someone with A or O blood, not from someone
with B or AB blood.
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In the same way, if you have the B marker, your body produces A antibodies. So as a person
with Type B blood, you could get a transfusion from someone with B or O blood, but not A or AB
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Things are a little different for people with Type AB or Type O blood. If you have both A and B
markers on the surface of your cells (Type AB blood), your body does not need to fight the
presence of either. This means that someone with AB blood can get a transfusion from
someone with A, B, AB, or O blood
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But if you have Type O blood, meaning your red blood cells have neither A or B markers, your
body will have both A and B antibodies and will therefore feel the need to defend itself against
A, B, and AB blood. So a person with O blood can only get a transfusion with O blood.
Type O-negative blood can be given to people with any blood type. That's because it has none of
the markers that can set off a reaction. People with this blood type are considered "universal
donors" and are in great demand at blood banks.
Because Type AB-positive blood has all the markers, people with this type can receive any blood
type. They're called "universal recipients
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Although all blood is made of the same basic elements, not all blood is alike. In fact,
there are eight different common blood types, which are determined by the presence
or absence of certain antigens – substances that can trigger an immune response if
they are foreign to the body. Since some antigens can trigger a patient's immune
system to attack the transfused blood, safe blood transfusions depend on careful
blood typing and cross-matching.
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The ABO Blood Group System: There are four major blood groups determined by the
presence or absence of two antigens – A and B – on the surface of red blood cells:
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•Group A – has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) 
•Group B – has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)
•Group AB – has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in
the plasma)
•Group O – has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are
in the plasma)
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RBC Antigens & Blood Typing
The most well-known blood types are in the ABO group. They were discovered in
1900 and 1901 at the University of Vienna by Karl Landsteiner in the process of trying
to learn why blood transfusions sometimes cause death and at other times save a
patient. In 1930, he belatedly received the Nobel Prize for this discovery.
All humans and many other primates can be typed for the ABO blood group.
There are four principal types: A, B, AB, and O. There are two antigens and two
antibodies that are mostly responsible for the ABO types. The specific combination
of these four components determines an individual's type in most cases.
People with type O blood do not produce ABO antigens.
Type O people are universal donors for transfusions, but they can
receive only type O blood themselves.
Those with type AB blood do not make any ABO antibodies. Their
blood does not discriminate against any other ABO type.
Type AB people are universal receivers for transfusions, but their
blood will be agglutinated when given to people with every other type
because they produce both kinds of antigens.
People with blood group 0 Rh - are called "universal donors" and
people with blood group AB Rh+ are called "universal receivers."
HOW DO WE DETERMINE BLOOD TYPE?
It is easy to determine an individual's ABO type from a few drops of blood. A
serum containing anti-A antibodies is mixed with some of the blood.
Another serum with anti-B antibodies is mixed with the remaining sample.
Whether or not agglutination occurs in either sample indicates the ABO type.
If an individual's blood sample is agglutinated by the anti-A antibody, but not
the anti-B antibody, it means that the A antigen is present but not the B
antigen. Therefore, the blood type is A.
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WHAT IS THE RH FACTOR
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Another group of antigens found on RBCs.
Rh positive:
 Have these antigens.
Rh negative:
 Do not have these antigens.
Significant when Rh negative mother gives birth to Rh
positive baby.
 At birth, mother may become exposed to Rh positive
blood of fetus.
 Mother at subsequent pregnancies may produce
antibodies against the Rh factor.
AIM – HOW DO WE INHERIT OUR BLOOD TYPE?
Do Now – 
1- How many different blood types are there? 
2-What are the different blood types? 
PRACTICE…..
In cats, white fur is dominant to brown fur.
W=white fur and w=brown fur.
Indicate the phenotype of these cats 
Genotype=WW 
phenotype=_____________
Genotype =ww 
phenotype=_____________
Genotype=Ww 
phenotype=_____________
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PRACTICE….
In birds, red feathers is dominant to white feathers. 
R=red feathers and r=white feathers
Indicate the genotype of these birds 
genotype=_________
Phenotype=red feathers 
genotype=_________ phenotype=white feathers 
PRACTICE…..
When setting up a Punnett square, the
mothers genes/alleles go on one side
and the fathers genes/alleles go on the
other side. If B=brown hair and
b=blonde hair show the possible
genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring if the mother has blonde hair
(bb) and the father has brown hair (Bb)
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Is the father homozygous or 
heterozygous?
___________________________
Is the mother homozygous or 
heterozygous?____________________
GENOTYPES 
PHENOTYPES
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PRACTICE….
Genotypes
phenotypes
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For example, in a gene
that determines eye
color, B=brown eyes and
b=blue eyes. Brown eyes
are dominant and blue
eyes are recessive.
Determine the possible
genotypes and
phenotypes of the
offspring if the genotypes
of the parents are Bb
and Bb
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MEDIAL SUMMARY
1- what word describes the condition when 2 alleles 
are the same? 
Example: 
2-what word describes the condition when 2 alleles 
are different? 
Example: 
3-what is the physical description of an individual called? 
Example: 
4-what word describes the genes/alleles an individual has?
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Your blood type is inherited. Like eye color, blood type 
is passed on to you genetically from your parents.
Whether your blood group is type A, B, AB or O is
based on the blood types of your mother and father.
The blood type you have is referred to your phenotype.
The genes that give you your blood type are referred to
as your genotype. For example, if your phenotype is
blood type A, your genotype would be AA. The 4
different types of blood are called alleles, which are
different versions of a gene. You have 2 of these
alleles for your blood type gene.
NOW A BLOOD TYPE EXAMPLE
Predict the genotype
and phenotype of
offspring if the mother
has AA and the father
has BB
genotypes:
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Phenotypes:
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A SECOND EXAMPLE:
A second example:
The mother has AO and
the father has BO
Genotypes:
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Phenotypes:
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The 4 alleles that determine an individuals 
blood type are said to be codominant and
dominant and recessive.
A and B are codominant with each other and 
both are dominant to O
Codominance-A condition in genetics in which 
the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are
fully expressed thereby resulting in offspring
with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor
recessive.
APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE…..FILL OUT THE CHART
PHENOTYPE
TYPE A
TYPE B
TYPE AB
TYPE O
GENOTYPE
CHALLENGE QUESTION!!!
Would it be possible for a child to have type B
blood if the genotypes of his parents were AB
and AO? Explain your answer
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SUMMARY
1-how many genotypes will result in the 
phenotype of type A blood? Type O blood? 
2-what is the purpose of a punnett square? 
3-Why are blood type A and B codominant? 
EXAMPLE #1
The mother has blood
type AB and the father
has blood type AO
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Genotypes
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phenotypes
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EXAMPLE #2
The mother has blood 
type OO and the father
has blood type BB
Genotypes
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phenotypes
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EXAMPLE #3
The mother has blood
type AB and the father
has blood type AB
Genotype
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phenotype
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EXAMPLE #4
The mother has blood
type AB and the father
has blood type AA
Genotype:
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Phenotype:
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HOW DO WE INHERIT OUR BLOOD TYPE?
Complete the Punnett square
and determine phenotypic
and genotypic ratios
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ADDITIONAL PROTEINS AND PROBABILITY
Additional enzymes and proteins have been 
found in the blood, which are important for
identification purposes. They include M and N
proteins.
Type
% US
population
Type
A
42
Rh +
85
B
12
Rh -
15
AB
O
% US population
Type
% US
Population
MM
30
3
MN
48
43
NN
22
PROBABILITY AND BLOOD TYPES
Solve the following problems and show all work: 
1. What % of the US population would have A+ 
blood?
2. What % of the population would have O-MN? 
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SOLUTIONS
1. type A = 42%, Rh+ = 85% 
0.42 x 0.85 = 0.357 = 35.7% 
2. type O = 43%, Rh- = 15%, MN = 48% 
0.43 x 0.15 x 0.48 = 0.031 = 3.1% 
Only 3 out of 100 people would have Type O-MN blood. This
would make the suspect population very small. By identifying
additional proteins, the size of the suspect population
may be decreased even more.
Example: Type A x N x Hp-1 x Rh- x PGM-2 = 0.42 x
0.22 x 0.14 x0.15 x 0.06 = 0.000116
This is 1 out of 8,600 people in the US
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RBC ANTIGENS: HOW DO YOU INHERIT YOUR BLOOD?
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Each person inherits 2 genes that control the production of ABO groups.
Type A:
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May have inherited A gene from each parent.
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May have inherited A gene from 1 parent and O gene from the other.
Type B:
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May have inherited B gene from each parent.
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May have inherited B gene from 1 parent and O gene from the other
parent.
Type AB:
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Inherited the A gene from one parent and
the B gene from the other parent.
Type O:
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Inherited O gene from each parent.
TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
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People with Type A blood make
antibodies to Type B RBCs, but
not to Type A
Type B blood has antibodies to
Type A RBCs but not to Type B
Type AB blood doesn’t have
antibodies to A or B
Type O has antibodies to both
Type A & B
If different blood types are
mixed, antibodies will cause
mixture to agglutinate
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TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
If blood types don't match,
recipient’s
antibodies
agglutinate donor’s RBCs
Type O is “universal donor”
because lacks A & B antigens
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Recipient’s
agglutinate
RBCs
antibodies won’t
donor’s Type O
Type
AB
is
“universal
recipient” because doesn’t
make
anti-A
or
anti-B
antibodies
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Won’t agglutinate donor’s RBCs
Insert fig. 13.6
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BLOOD CLOTTING
( Hemostatic mechanisms)
Is cessation of bleeding
 Promoted by reactions initiated by vessel injury
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Breakage of endothelial lining exposes collagen proteins
causing:
 Vasoconstriction.
 Platelet plug.
 Web of fibrin.
In peas, the gene for green color
is dominant and the gene for
yellow color is recessive. G=green
and g=yellow. What are the
genotype and phenotypes of the
offspring when GG is crossed with
Gg?
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Genotypes
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phenotypes
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A second example: the
mothers genotype is Bb
and the fathers
genotype is Bb
What is the genotype 
and phenotype of the
offspring?
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In peas, the gene for smooth texture
is dominant and the gene for wrinkled
texture is recessive. S=smooth and
s=wrinkled. What are the genotype
and phenotypes of the offspring when
gg is crossed with Gg?
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Genotypes
phenotypes
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