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15
Cardiovascular
Disease:
Reducing Your
Risk
PowerPoint®
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide
Presentation prepared by
Michael Hall
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2001 Total Cardiovascular Disease Age-Adjusted Death Rates by State
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S.
In 2001, CVD accounted for approximately 39% of all deaths
CVD has been the number one killer in the U.S. since 1900 except for 1918 (influenza)
More that 2,600 Americans die from CVD each day
Number of CVD deaths is rising among women
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.1
Trends in Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease
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Figure 15.2
Anatomy of the Heart
CVS includes the heart,
arteries, arterioles, capillaries,
venules, and veins
The heart: Muscular, 4
chambered pump
Contracts 100,000 times/day
2 upper chambers: atria
2 lower chambers: ventricles
Valves: Tricuspid, pulmonary,
mitral, aortic valves
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium. From the right atrium, blood moves to the right
ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. Blood from the left atrium is forced into the left ventricle
The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to various parts of the body
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.3
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
• Atherosclerosis
• Coronary heart disease (CHD)
• Chest pain (angina pectoris)
• Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Congenital and rheumatic heart disease
• Stroke
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
% Breakdown of Deaths from CV Disease, in the US 2001
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.4
Artherosclerosis
• Characterized by deposits of fatty substances,
cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin
in the inner lining of the artery
• Hyperlipidemia – abnormally high blood lipid level
• Plaque – the buildup of substances
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
• Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack – blood
supplying the heart is disrupted
• Coronary thrombosis – blood clot in the artery
• Embolus – when the blood clot is dislodged and moves
through the circulatory system
• Collateral circulation – if blockage to the heart is minor,
an alternative blood flow is selected
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Angina Pectoris
• Ischemia – reduction of the heart’s blood and oxygen
supply
• The more serious the oxygen deprivation, the more
severe the pain
• Nitroglycerin – drug used to dilate the veins
• Beta blockers control potential overactivity of the heart
muscle
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arrythmias
• An irregularity in heart rhythm
• Tachycardia – racing heart in the absence of exercise or
anxiety
• Bradycardia – abnormally slow heartbeat
• Fibrillation – heart beat is sporatic, quivering pattern
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to keep
blood circulating normally
• Affects over 5 million Americans
• Damage to heart muscle may result from rheumatic
fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular
problem
• Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to
accumulate in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs
• Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Congenital and Rheumatic Heart Disease
• Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children
born
• May be due to maternal diseases or chemical intake
during fetal development
• Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever
which affects connective tissue
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stroke
• Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted
• Thrombus – blood clot
• Embolus – free flowing clot
• Aneurysm – bulging or burst blood vessel
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – brief interruptions that
cause temporary impairment
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Common Blood Vessel Disorders
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Figure 15.5
Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Diseases
• Risks you can control:
• Avoid tobacco
• Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Modify dietary habits
• Exercise regularly
• Control diabetes
• Control blood pressure:
• Systolic (first number)
• Diastolic (second number)
• Manage stress
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Diseases
• Risks you cannot control:
• Heredity
• Age
• Gender
• Race
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Women and Cardiovascular Disease
• CVD deaths in 1999:
• 445,692 men
• 503,927 women
• Estrogen:
• Once estrogen production stops, risk for CVD death increases
• Diagnostic and therapeutic differences:
• Delay in diagnosing possible heart attack
• Complexity in interpreting chest pain in women
• Less aggressive treatment of female heart attack victims
• Smaller coronary arteries in women
• Gender bias in CVD research – typically CVD research has been
conducted on male subjects
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
New Weapons Against Heart Disease
• Techniques for diagnosing heart disease:
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Angiography
• Positron emission tomography (PET)
• Single positron emission color tomography (SPECT)
• Radionuclide imaging
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Ultrafast CT
• Digital cardiac angiography
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Angioplasty versus Bypass Surgery
• Angioplasty – a thin catheter is threaded through the
blocked arteries; the catheter has a balloon on the tip
which is inflated to flatten the fatty deposits against the
wall of the artery
• Coronary bypass surgery – a blood vessel is taken from
another site and implanted to bypass blocked arteries and
transport blood
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Aspirin for Heart Disease?
• Research shows that 80 milligrams of aspirin every other
day is beneficial to heart patients due to its blood
thinning properties
• Some side effects of aspirin: gastrointestinal intolerance
and a tendency for difficulty with blood clotting
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thrombolysis
• If victim reaches an emergency room and is diagnosed
quickly, thrombolysis can be performed
• Thrombolysis involves injecting an agent such as tissue
plasminogen activator (TPA) to dissolve the clot and
restore some blood flow
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cardiac Rehabilitation
• Every year, 1 million people survive heart attacks
• Cardiac rehabilitation exercise training increases stamina
and strength, and promotes recovery
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Personal Advocacy and Heart-Smart Behaviors
• Know your rights as a patient
• Find out about informed consent procedures, living
wills, durable power of attorney, organ donation, and
other legal issues BEFORE you become sick
• Ask about alternative procedures
• Remain with your loved one as a personal advocate
• Monitor the actions of health care providers
• Be considerate of your care provider
• Be patient with the patient
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of LDL, Total, and HDL Cholesterol
(mg/dL) and Recommended Levels for Adults
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 15.1