Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Pelvic Girdle The pelvic girdle (or hip girdle) is made up of two hip bones (coxa = hip). The ability to bear weight is more important than mobility & flexibility . The coxal bones (the pelvis) are Made up of three fused bones: ilium (articulates with sacrum), the ischium, and the pubis. The two coxal bones together with the sacrum and coccyx form the bony pelvis. The acetabulum is the hip socket (literally, “vinegar cup”) is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis It is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone) and articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface) The Acetabular notch is a gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum The Ilium The ilium is a large flaring bone that connects with the sacrum forming the sacroiliac joint. The marks of the Ilium: the greater sciatic notch, for the sciatic nerve, the Iliac crest is the upper brim, the Iliac fossa is the depression between the iliac crest and arcuate line Rest your hands on your hips—they will be overlying the iliac crests. The Ischium The ischium forms the “sit-down” bone. Marks of the Ischium: the rough Ischial tuberosity receives the weight of the body when we sit, and the Ischial spine above the lesser sciatic notch is an important anatomical landmark. The Pubis The pubis is the most anterior of the coxal bone. Marks of the pubis: the Pubic symphysis is a gap padded with fibrous cartilage where the two pubic bones meet, and the Obturator foramen allows blood vessels and nerves to run from the pelvic cavity to the thigh. Comparison of the Male & Female Pelvis To describe pelvic sex differences, a few more anatomical terms need to be introduced. The female pelvis is modified for childbearing. The false pelvis is the superior portion bounded by the lilia laterally and the sacrum and lumbar vertebrae posteriorly. The false pelvis supports the abdominal viscera. The true pelvis is the inferior region that is almost entirely surrounded by bone. Its posterior boundary is the sacrum. The laterally and anteriorly is the ilia, ischia, and pubic bones. The dimensions of the true pelvis, is critical if delivery of a baby is to be uncomplicated; and is carefully measured by the obstetrician. The female pelvis is tilted forward, the male pelvis is tilted less far forward. The female acetabulum is smaller and farther apart, the male acetabulum is larger and closer. The female pubic angle is broader (80-90 degrees) and the male pubic angle is more acute (50-60 degrees) The female pelvic inlet (brim) is wider and oval shaped, the male pelvic inlet (brim) is narrow and heart shaped. The Thigh The femur, or thigh bone, is the only bone of the thigh. It is the heaviest & strongest bone of the body. Its ball like head articulates with the hip bone via the deep, secure socket of the acetabulum. A short, constricted neck angles laterally to join the shaft and is the weakest part of the femur. At the junction of the neck and shaft are the greater and lesser trochanter (bony prominence), which are sites of muscle attachment. Distally, the femur terminates in the lateral and medial condyles, which articulate with the tibia. The patellar surface forms a joint with the patella (kneecap). The Patella The Patella, also called the kneecap, is a sesamoid bone. Formed within the tendon of quadriceps femoris. The Base attaches quadriceps femoris, (a thigh muscle) & the Apex attaches the patellar ligament. The Leg Two bones, the tibia and the fibula, form the skeleton of the leg. Joined along its length to the fibula by the interosseous membrane, the tibia (or shinbone) is the larger and more medial bone. The Tibia At the proximal end, its medial and lateral condyles receive the distal end of the femur to form the knee joint. The tibial tuberosity is the attachment site of the patellar ligament. Distally, the medial malleolus forms the medial bulge of the ankle, here the tibia articulates with the talus bone of the foot. The anterior margin is a sharpened crest relatively unprotected by muscles; it is easily felt beneath the skin. The Fibula The sticklike fibula (lies parallel) to the tibula, takes no part in forming the knee joint. The proximal head articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia. It terminates distally in the lateral malleolus, (little hammer), which forms the ankle bulge of the ankle. The Foot Distally the tibia articulates with the talus bone of the foot. The bones of the foot includes the 7 tarsal bones forming the ankle, 5 metatarsals, (numbered I–V, medial to lateral). which form the sole, and 14 phalanges, which form the toes. The body weight is concentrated on the two largest tarsals—the calcaneus (the heel) and the *talus. Like the fingers, each toe has 3 phalanges except the great toe, which has 2. *Talus on Top & articulates with the Tibia. Arches of the Feet Arches of the feet transfer weight from one part of the foot to another, they are: The longitudinal arch = lateral and medial portion The transverse arch is formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot