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Name ________FISHER KEY_______ Identity – It’s Up to You – 60 Informal Points (Be sure to use complete sentences anywhere possible!) Introduction When you think of your own identity, what comes to mind? Do you think about your appearance? Your personality? Perhaps your family and your cultural origins? The processes that occur in all of our bodies that make us human beings. It is the tiny differences—from what’s going on inside to what we experience on the outside that make us truly unique. Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function and are the living fabric that holds together the human design. In this course, you will examine the four main classifications of tissue—epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous—as we explore their specific role in human body systems. This activity will provide an introduction to bone, muscle, and fat—all types of tissue that contribute to the framework of the human body. Today, you will begin to use clay to give your Maniken® an identity. As you learn to work with the clay and sculpt the cheeks, the eyes, and the mouth, your model will come to life. Over the course of the year your Maniken will become a unique body of interrelating systems. Before we focus on the common processes of this amazing human machine, let’s focus on what makes us unique—from our appearance, to the structure of our bones and organs, down to the DNA inside of our cells. Procedure Part I: Tissue Basics 1. Use the Internet to review the function of each of the four basic categories of human tissue – epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous. Remember that even though there are four main classes, there are specific tissue types under each category. Fill in the table below with your findings. Tissue Type Function Specific Tissue Examples Protection, Secretion, Absorption, Filtration Skin covering body’s surface Internal Organ Linings Epithelial Ex. Squamous line the alveoli of the lungs and being one cell thick make them ideal for allowing O2 and CO2 exchange Two types: Squamous (one layer) and Stratified Squamous (multi layered forming columns of cells) Skeletal: Movement (voluntary) Muscle Cardiac: Heart muscles for contracting and sending blood throughout the body (involuntary) Smooth: Walls of internal organs and blood vessels (involuntary) Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Fat & Soft tissues Bone & Cartilage Connective Most abundant and widely distributed tissues. Used for support and Protection. Tendons Blood Lymph Brain Nervous Send and conduct signals. Allows for communication between the brain and the rest of the body. Spinal Cord Nerves 2. Use a blank sheet of computer paper to create a concept map for human tissue. Your table above will help you, but your may need to look up a few additional terms because you must include at least the following words, but add connections and other terms as you see fit. o o o o o o o o o o o Tissue Cells Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Neurons Cartilage Blood Tendons Ligaments Secretions and chemical exchange Protection Function Function Lines Organs example Heart Contractions Picture Function Epithelial Tissue (Linings) Picture Cardiac Bone to Bone Cartilage Fat Type Picture Moves substances throughout the body example example Picture Function Ligaments example example Function Smooth example Example Muscle Tissue (Movement) Type Human Tissue Each tissue type is made up of specialized cells with specific functions Type Connective Tissue (Linkage) example Blood example example Type Blood flow through arteries Skeletal Picture Tendons Function Nervous Tissue (Communication) Body Movement Cell Type Function Muscle to Bone Neurons Picture Picture 3. Add simple sketches or pictures to your concept map to help reinforce your words. 4. In this activity, focus on three specific types of tissue: bone, skeletal muscle, and fat (adipose tissue). Find a logical place for these three words on your concept map and add them to your organizer if you have not already. 5. Carefully view the prepared slides of bone, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle under both low and high power. Using colored pencils draw simple sketches of each: Bone Adipose Tissue (fat) (Connective Tissue) Skeletal Muscle 6. Now view the prepared slide of simple columnar epithelium. Using colored pencils, sketch what you see in the space below. Epithelium (Skin) Part II: Building Identity - Giving Your Maniken® A Face Throughout the course, you will be asked to mark specific bones and structures on your Maniken®. For each bone, you will identify and find the structure on your model. Use a pencil to number the bone (starting with #1). On a blank body system graphic organizer (skeletal view), assign the same number to the bone on the diagram and write a key at the bottom of the page (or next to the actual bone). Title your diagram “Skeletal System.” 7. Use the skull anatomy tutorial presented by GateWay Community College at http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/skulltt.htm to identify the following bones of the skull. Mark these bones on your Maniken® and on the skeletal system organizer. o o o o o o o Mandible Maxilla Zygomatic Process Frontal Bone Temporal Bone Occipital Bone Parietal Bone 8. Use the tutorial of the head and neck muscles presented by GateWay Community College at http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/head/head1.htm and other Internet sources to find the location of the following muscles. o Orbicularis Oculi o Orbicularis Oris o Temporalis 9. Fill in the table below to take notes on the basic function of each muscle. Muscle Function Orbicularis Oculi A sphincter muscle used to open and close eyelid. Orbicularis Oris A sphincter muscle used for movement of the lips. (ex. to purse the lips) Temporalis Allows jaw to open and close; important for chewing (mastication.) 10. On the second copy of the skeletal view body system graphic organizer, sketch the muscles you researched in Step 12 on the organizer. Label the top of the diagram “Muscular System.” Label each muscle you add to the diagram. 11. Using your knowledge of directional terms, tissues, and the bones and muscles of the face, follow your teacher’s instructions to build the face of your Maniken®. You will use bone landmarks to apply muscle and fat to the face. Conclusion Questions 1. What do you notice is the main difference between the structure of the connective tissues and the structure of the epithelium? Make sure to note the organization of cells in these two tissue types. The epithelial tissue is more organized with cells packed closely together whereas connective tissue is more spread out. The epithelial tissue does not have any blood vessels connected to it, whereas the connective tissue does. 2. Explain how the structure of epithelium and the structure of connective tissue, specifically bone, relate to the function of the tissue. Squamous epithelial cells are flat, tightly adherent to each other, thin, and have a smooth surface. Their thin cell walls make them idea to line the alveoli of the lungs. Gas exchange requires quick diffusion; therefore thin squamous epithelial cells are excellent for the job. Blood flow in blood vessels requires the lining surface of the vessels to be smooth, to reduce friction and aid blood flow and the smooth surface of squamous epithelial cells serves them well for this job as well. Stratified squamous cells are multi-layered. The underlying layers of stratified squamous epithelium are formed of cubical or columnar cells but the upper layer is formed of squamous cells. Stratified squamous epithelium is present in skin and mouth, among other places. Bone cells are called osteocytes. The structure of an osteocyte relates to its function in that it permits for calcium storage, is hard in structure giving the bones a hard feel which is important for protection. 3. How does the distribution of tissues contribute to our appearance and to our identity? The shape of the bones in our skeleton (determined by the distribution of our bone connective tissue) and the muscle tissue is unique from person to person, which can give someone a more or less full figure. Fat (or adipose) tissue, can also determine things like the shape of the cheeks and the eyes. 4. Describe the role of fat in our cheeks and behind our eyes. The main role is for protection. Having fat in the cheeks and behind the eyes absorbs shock when injury is sustained. Why you rub your eyes your eye is pushed back into your head, but no damage is done because the fat pad serves as a cushion and protects the eye. The cheek fat also cushions the cheek bone during chewing motion. 5. Think about the action of the muscles you have built on your Maniken®. Describe specific motions that you would not be able to complete if you damaged your temporalis, your orbicularis oculi or your orbicularis oris. How would this affect your ability to communicate? If the orbicularis oculi muscles were damaged, you would not be able to blink or wink. Also, humans often express emotion though their eyes and this would be impaired. If the orbicularis oris muscle is damaged, you would have difficulty opening and closing your lips, which would have an impact on speech and eating, etc…. Also, you wouldn’t be able to purse your lips so would not be able to kiss. If the temporalis muscles were damaged, you would not be able to open and close your mouth which would create issues with speech, chewing, etc... 6. Reflect on your own identity. What do you think helps make you, you? Answers will vary…. Other important vocabulary from the Maniken Clay Build: Temporal Fossa – “Fossa” describes a flat surface on a bone so the Temporal Fossa is the flat surface of the skull that the Temporalis muscle sits on Zygomatic Arch – The “Cheek bone” which is Temporalis muscle slips down behind as it connects the temples to your cheeks Coronoid Process – Place where the Temporalis muscle is attached to the jaw; it “processes” the connection between the jaw (for movement) and the temple of the head