Download Its Up to You KEY - Belle Vernon Area

Name ________FISHER  KEY_______
Identity – It’s Up to You – 60 Informal Points (Be sure to use complete sentences anywhere possible!)
Introduction
When you think of your own identity, what comes to mind? Do you think about your appearance? Your personality?
Perhaps your family and your cultural origins? The processes that occur in all of our bodies that make us human
beings. It is the tiny differences—from what’s going on inside to what we experience on the outside that make us
truly unique.
Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function and are the living fabric that
holds together the human design. In this course, you will examine the four main classifications of tissue—epithelial,
connective, muscle and nervous—as we explore their specific role in human body systems. This activity will
provide an introduction to bone, muscle, and fat—all types of tissue that contribute to the framework of the human
body.
Today, you will begin to use clay to give your Maniken® an identity. As you learn to work with the clay and sculpt
the cheeks, the eyes, and the mouth, your model will come to life. Over the course of the year your Maniken will
become a unique body of interrelating systems. Before we focus on the common processes of this amazing human
machine, let’s focus on what makes us unique—from our appearance, to the structure of our bones and organs,
down to the DNA inside of our cells.
Procedure
Part I: Tissue Basics
1. Use the Internet to review the function of each of the four basic categories of human tissue – epithelial,
muscle, connective, and nervous. Remember that even though there are four main classes, there are
specific tissue types under each category. Fill in the table below with your findings.
Tissue Type
Function
Specific Tissue Examples
Protection, Secretion, Absorption, Filtration
Skin covering body’s surface
Internal Organ Linings
Epithelial
Ex. Squamous line the alveoli of the lungs and being
one cell thick make them ideal for allowing O2 and
CO2 exchange
Two types: Squamous (one layer) and
Stratified Squamous (multi layered
forming columns of cells)
Skeletal: Movement (voluntary)
Muscle
Cardiac: Heart muscles for contracting and sending
blood throughout the body (involuntary)
Smooth: Walls of internal organs and blood vessels
(involuntary)
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Fat & Soft tissues
Bone & Cartilage
Connective
Most abundant and widely distributed tissues. Used
for support and Protection.
Tendons
Blood
Lymph
Brain
Nervous
Send and conduct signals. Allows for communication
between the brain and the rest of the body.
Spinal Cord
Nerves
2. Use a blank sheet of computer paper to create a concept map for human tissue. Your table
above will help you, but your may need to look up a few additional terms because you must
include at least the following words, but add connections and other terms as you see fit.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Tissue
Cells
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Neurons
Cartilage
Blood
Tendons
Ligaments
Secretions
and
chemical
exchange
Protection
Function
Function
Lines
Organs
example
Heart
Contractions
Picture
Function
Epithelial
Tissue
(Linings)
Picture
Cardiac
Bone to
Bone
Cartilage
Fat
Type
Picture
Moves
substances
throughout
the body
example
example
Picture
Function
Ligaments
example
example
Function
Smooth
example
Example
Muscle
Tissue
(Movement)
Type
Human Tissue Each tissue type is made up
of specialized cells with
specific functions
Type
Connective
Tissue
(Linkage)
example
Blood
example
example
Type
Blood flow
through
arteries
Skeletal
Picture
Tendons
Function
Nervous
Tissue
(Communication)
Body
Movement
Cell Type
Function
Muscle to
Bone
Neurons
Picture
Picture
3. Add simple sketches or pictures to your concept map to help reinforce your words.
4. In this activity, focus on three specific types of tissue: bone, skeletal muscle, and fat (adipose
tissue). Find a logical place for these three words on your concept map and add them to your
organizer if you have not already.
5. Carefully view the prepared slides of bone, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle under both
low and high power. Using colored pencils draw simple sketches of each:
Bone
Adipose Tissue (fat)
(Connective Tissue)
Skeletal Muscle
6. Now view the prepared slide of simple columnar epithelium. Using colored pencils, sketch
what you see in the space below.
Epithelium (Skin)
Part II: Building Identity - Giving Your Maniken® A Face
Throughout the course, you will be asked to mark specific bones and structures on your Maniken®.
For each bone, you will identify and find the structure on your model. Use a pencil to number the
bone (starting with #1). On a blank body system graphic organizer (skeletal view), assign the same
number to the bone on the diagram and write a key at the bottom of the page (or next to the actual
bone). Title your diagram “Skeletal System.”
7. Use the skull anatomy tutorial presented by GateWay Community College at
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/skulltt.htm to identify the following
bones of the skull. Mark these bones on your Maniken® and on the skeletal system organizer.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Mandible
Maxilla
Zygomatic Process
Frontal Bone
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Parietal Bone
8. Use the tutorial of the head and neck muscles presented by GateWay Community College at
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/head/head1.htm and other Internet sources to
find the location of the following muscles.
o Orbicularis Oculi
o Orbicularis Oris
o Temporalis
9. Fill in the table below to take notes on the basic function of each muscle.
Muscle
Function
Orbicularis Oculi
A sphincter muscle used to open and close eyelid.
Orbicularis Oris
A sphincter muscle used for movement of the lips. (ex. to purse the lips)
Temporalis
Allows jaw to open and close; important for chewing (mastication.)
10. On the second copy of the skeletal view body system graphic organizer, sketch the muscles
you researched in Step 12 on the organizer. Label the top of the diagram “Muscular System.”
Label each muscle you add to the diagram.
11. Using your knowledge of directional terms, tissues, and the bones and muscles of the face,
follow your teacher’s instructions to build the face of your Maniken®. You will use bone
landmarks to apply muscle and fat to the face.
Conclusion Questions
1. What do you notice is the main difference between the structure of the connective tissues
and the structure of the epithelium? Make sure to note the organization of cells in these two
tissue types.
The epithelial tissue is more organized with cells packed closely together whereas connective tissue is
more spread out. The epithelial tissue does not have any blood vessels connected to it, whereas the
connective tissue does.
2. Explain how the structure of epithelium and the structure of connective tissue, specifically
bone, relate to the function of the tissue.
Squamous epithelial cells are flat, tightly adherent to each other, thin, and have a smooth surface.
Their thin cell walls make them idea to line the alveoli of the lungs. Gas exchange requires quick
diffusion; therefore thin squamous epithelial cells are excellent for the job. Blood flow in blood
vessels requires the lining surface of the vessels to be smooth, to reduce friction and aid blood
flow and the smooth surface of squamous epithelial cells serves them well for this job as well.
Stratified squamous cells are multi-layered. The underlying layers of stratified squamous
epithelium are formed of cubical or columnar cells but the upper layer is formed of squamous
cells. Stratified squamous epithelium is present in skin and mouth, among other places.
Bone cells are called osteocytes. The structure of an osteocyte relates to its function in that it
permits for calcium storage, is hard in structure giving the bones a hard feel which is important for
protection.
3. How does the distribution of tissues contribute to our appearance and to our identity?
The shape of the bones in our skeleton (determined by the distribution of our bone connective tissue) and
the muscle tissue is unique from person to person, which can give someone a more or less full figure. Fat
(or adipose) tissue, can also determine things like the shape of the cheeks and the eyes.
4. Describe the role of fat in our cheeks and behind our eyes.
The main role is for protection. Having fat in the cheeks and behind the eyes absorbs shock when
injury is sustained. Why you rub your eyes your eye is pushed back into your head, but no damage is
done because the fat pad serves as a cushion and protects the eye. The cheek fat also cushions the
cheek bone during chewing motion.
5. Think about the action of the muscles you have built on your Maniken®. Describe specific
motions that you would not be able to complete if you damaged your temporalis, your
orbicularis oculi or your orbicularis oris. How would this affect your ability to communicate?
If the orbicularis oculi muscles were damaged, you would not be able to blink or wink. Also, humans
often express emotion though their eyes and this would be impaired.
If the orbicularis oris muscle is damaged, you would have difficulty opening and closing your lips,
which would have an impact on speech and eating, etc…. Also, you wouldn’t be able to purse your lips
so would not be able to kiss.
If the temporalis muscles were damaged, you would not be able to open and close your mouth which
would create issues with speech, chewing, etc...
6. Reflect on your own identity. What do you think helps make you, you?
Answers will vary….
Other important vocabulary from the Maniken Clay Build:

Temporal Fossa – “Fossa” describes a flat surface on a bone so the Temporal Fossa
is the flat surface of the skull that the Temporalis muscle sits on

Zygomatic Arch – The “Cheek bone” which is Temporalis muscle slips down behind
as it connects the temples to your cheeks

Coronoid Process – Place where the Temporalis muscle is attached to the jaw; it
“processes” the connection between the jaw (for movement) and the temple of the
head