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The Troubled Personality Psychology Historical Views on Mental Illness Causes: Demon possession: Treated by prayer and rituals, exorcism Mortal sin: Confession or penance Neuropathology: Surgery to remove organ causing problem Toxins in the body: Surgery and diet Childhood trauma: Psychoanalytic therapy Conditioned: Behavior modification Sick society leads to sick behavior: Take responsibility for your own behavior Treatment of Mentally Ill Historically: often subjected to cruel inhumane treatment, less rights than others Mental hospitals isolated and abused patients, experiment on them Used as sideshow attractions, persecuted, misunderstood, jailed 1700s is when shift toward fair treatment begins in France and US Education and understanding are necessary to eliminate stigma and provide treatment and equal rights Mental Illness http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JY8Ic7o mbDs&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTUMt0 5_nCI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5tabap3 32c http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpH15NoFwI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xg9TAU qaf0Y Physical Factors that cause Mental Illness Heredity: Scientists in search of specific genes that predispose individuals toward mental illness Schizophrenia: Severe thought disorder, affects 1% of population ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Grandparent: 4% risk factor Parent: 16% risk factor Both parents: Over 50% risk factor Identical Twin: Over 50 % risk factor Contribution: Growing up in household with schizophrenic family members? Schizophrenia Erratic behavior, delusions, loss of contact with reality, breakdowns in communication, inappropriate emotions Most patients in mental hospital have this diagnosis ◦ Catatonic: Unresponsive, withdrawn ◦ Paranoid: Ideas of persecution, fear of attack, being possessed, etc. ◦ Hebephrenic: Childish behavior and delusions Causes of Mental Illness Environmental Causes: Healthy people learn to cope with stress/anxiety and resolve conflict Those with troubled personalities: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Have trouble handling frustration Can’t cope with reality/stress/anxiety Have issues with relationships/interactions Can’t function normally in their family/job/society Stress and Frustration Result from unmet personal needs/desires, pressures, poor relationships, etc. When stress becomes unbearable, poorly adjusted people: ◦ Chose behavior that seems to offer an escape ◦ Unable to put off gratification ◦ Become excessively emotional Coping with Anxiety Defined as vague worries about what might happen in the future 1 in 50 Americans suffer from Panic Disorder Causes excessive worry to the point of exhaustion and inability to respond correctly in emergency situations Can cause fixation on single thought/pattern, in order to block out other concerns Obsessive Compulsive Disorder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBkvei aKfBk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wEU165NRY http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v =5jOKtTyulXQ&feature=fvwp Functioning within the Family Often a troubled home life is what lead to the disorder Maintaining close family relationships is difficult for the mentally ill ◦ Living with others can cause extreme mood swings related to conflicts of interest ◦ Puts an extreme strain on marriage and parenthood Functioning on the Job Work can provide personal satisfaction, but also cause stress and pressure of competition Mental Illness effects job performance: ◦ Anxiety creates a distraction Tasks aren’t done correctly or are forgotten ◦ Difficulty coping or interacting Can cause break downs or issues with customers/coworkers ◦ People who have issues with authority figures have trouble holding down jobs Functioning in Society Freedom of action is limited by the rights of others Emotionally disturbed people find it hard to accept limits to their desires Pressure to conform can cause even more abnormal behavior In social situations: ◦ Inadequacy leads to insecurity and teasing, leading to more anxiety and increasing abnormal behaviors Biochemical Imbalances Excess or deficiency of otherwise useful chemicals can upset the nervous system Sometimes created through drug/alcohol abuse Scientists researching influences of proteins, lithium, steroids, antipsychotic drugs, etc. Withdrawal from substances can depression and other issues Disease Diseases that affect the nervous system can lead to abnormal behavior Memory loss, disruption of speech, hearing voices, violent behavior, etc. can result from inflammation of brain or pressure from tumors Strokes interrupt blood flow to brain often result in mental issues STDs may cause breakdown of brain tissue Accident Trauma Injury or shock to the body can cause brain damage that changes personality Trauma during birth can damage brain tissue, or lack of oxygen can cause impairments Damage in small area may be restored with proper therapy Severe brain damage cannot be reversed and tissue does not grow back Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Caused by overwhelming stressful events like war, natural disasters, or physical assault Victims avoid activities that recall memories of the traumatic event Often have trouble sleeping and have terrible nightmares Other symptoms: emotional numbness, depression, sudden rage, jumpiness, and inability to concentrate 15% of veterans display some symptoms but 1% suffer from full disorder PTSD http://www.youtube.com/user/VeteransM TC?v=SqjwV-lsVEs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YVRi eO7y0o&list=PLDD7C9A2F66BE91F3&fe ature=plcp http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69ed6x iNPnk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3cbyo XgobI Depression: A cause and a symptom Feel down, low energy, little appetite, trouble sleeping no motivation or desire to do anything they normally enjoy Refuse to be cheered up, enjoy the misery and dwell on thoughts Healthy person experiences in brief small doses and then gets over it Chronic or severe depression requires treatment Depression Can be brought on by specific event like divorce or death Caused by social ills like poverty, discrimination or unemployment Can be due to long term family issues, abuse, chemical imbalance, etc. Clinical Depression: 7% of population suffer with this severe form ◦ Twice as many women as men ◦ 3-5% of teens experience despair or hopelessness of this disorder Treating Depression Talk therapy and anti-depressants are common Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): ◦ Invented in 1938: Give patient muscle relaxant and anesthetic ◦ Attach electrodes to comatose patient’s skull and shock their brain ◦ Body stays relaxed, but triggers severe brain convulsion ◦ Double-barreled therapy: Antidepressants with ECT every 3-6 months ◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCUmINGae44 Mood Disorders http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlNCa vst2EU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKiAz6 ndUbU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uj8hqX d7N_A ECT: Safe and Helpful? Pro: Benefits patients who would otherwise remain mentally ill 60-70% Show marked improvement in their ability to cope with life “Safer than aspirin”, memory loss is only temporary, minimize by confining treatment to one half of the brain After ECT, many discard plans for suicide, begin responding to therapy State/Fed approved, only given to those most likely to benefit ECT: Safe and Healthy? Cons: Depressed patients show improvement without ECT Not successful with schizophrenic but still being used on them Results in death in 1 of 1000 patients, memory loss often lasts 4+ weeks, and for some it’s permanent Wardens in mental hospitals use it as threat for controlling patients No statistics prove or disprove the argument that it prevents suicide ◦ Ernest Hemingway received treatment, said it destroyed his ability to write, he killed himself one month after 2nd treatment Lack of adequate studies to prove safety, govt has approved dangerous things before 100,000 receive ECT each year, $2500 a session, common therapist’s last resort Phobias http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7EAs MNZ6uA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDvDC qLCdEE Hallucinations and Delusions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIrA6iCke2 M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gc2Nox6PM nc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tn8xLQY53 U Personality Disorders Self-defeating behavior that hurts others as well Behavior issues start young Anti-Social Personality Disorder: Hedonist ◦ Display few symptoms, seem charming and smart ◦ Selfish, very good liars, manipulative ◦ Conduct Disorder: Delinquency, have issues with authority figures ◦ Like to be in control, will exploit others for personal gain ◦ Often called sociopath, lack of empathy, prone to aggression ◦ Often incapable of selfless love ◦ Some link to heredity, also childhood issues, patients often outgrow the disorder in their 40s Histrionic Personality Disorder Dramatizes every situation, highly emotional Expects others to take care of their needs Wild mood swings, can’t cope with experiences/environment Emotional outbursts aimed at attracting attention and sympathy Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder Never speak up for what they want, others must guess what’s wrong Cannot show normal aggression in an open healthy way Instead, they arrange situations where the other person cannot possibly succeed in making them happy Sabotages compromise in underhanded ways “Nice guy” facade with deep hostility underneath, cannot admit anger and resentment Narcissistic Personality Disorder Overblown sense of self importance Feeling of superiority, uniqueness, exaggeration of talents, boastfulness Arrogance and overwhelming need for attention and admiration Deep feelings of inferiority lie beneath the surface Tend to exploit others, self-centered and fake Dissociative Personality Disorder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kPIDt 3yu1M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWgh 2t9FTe8 Brain Damage or Dysfunction Imperfect brain development prevents capacity for high level thoughts or doesn’t leave grain the space to grown to full potential Abilities do not increase with age, limited selfcare but need guardian ◦ Aplasia ◦ Microcephaly ◦ Down Syndrome: Caused by genetic defect, only develop to age 3-7 -1 in 900 births, odds increase as woman ages -Amniocentesis can detect in developing fetus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I13KxRYqoo0 Autism Milder form is Asperger syndrome 1 in 150 children have it Serious neurological problem that can cause kids to be mute, have issues with social interactions, sometimes violent tantrums “Live in their own world” responding to inner drives and needs, often very intelligent Trouble expressing themselves, prone to self-stimulating repetitive behaviors Caused by abnormally high levels of serotonin and dopamine in the brain, genetic factors, and sometimes exposure to lead or mercury Can be treated with medication and punishment/reward system of therapy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeGaffIJvHM Famous People with Mental Illnesses Bipolar: Catherine Zeta-Jones, Mel Gibson, Carrie Fisher, Kurt Cobain, Isaac Newton, Beethoven,Van Gogh, Robin Williams, Ozzy Osborne Depression: Brooke Shields (post partum), Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill, Ernest Hemingway, Charles Dickens, Zach Braff, Jim Carey, Sheryl Crow, Billy Joel Dissociative Identity Disorder: Herschel Walker, a Heisman award-winning running back and former NFL player ADHD: Michael Phelps, Kurt Cobain OCD: Howard Hughes, Cameron Diaz, David Beckham Anxiety Disorder: Paula Deen Eating Disorders: Elton John, Princess Diana, Mary Kate Olsen, Richard Simmons
