* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 4 Notes
First Battle of Bull Run wikipedia , lookup
Economy of the Confederate States of America wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Namozine Church wikipedia , lookup
Capture of New Orleans wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Lewis's Farm wikipedia , lookup
Baltimore riot of 1861 wikipedia , lookup
Lost Cause of the Confederacy wikipedia , lookup
Battle of Fort Pillow wikipedia , lookup
Conclusion of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Tennessee in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Reconstruction era wikipedia , lookup
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps wikipedia , lookup
Origins of the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Opposition to the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
South Carolina in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Virginia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Jubal Early wikipedia , lookup
Hampton Roads Conference wikipedia , lookup
Georgia in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Alabama in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
“The Union in Peril” Very different cultures, economies, geography and climate South dependent on slavery; plantation economy North more industry; less dependent on slavery Battle over the spread of slavery Henry Clay California statehood and New Mexico territory disputed Most of California south of 36-30 California entered as free state; new, more effective Fugitive Slave law enacted Popular Sovereignty allowed in New Mexico and Utah territories Crisis passed temporarily Alleged fugitive slaves not entitled to trial by jury Anyone caught helping fugitives fined $1000 and imprisonment up to 6 months Many Northerners outraged! See Abolitionist Movement Video-History Channel Attempt to escape slavery System of escape routes Harriet Tubman-more than a dozen trips to South; helped many escape to freedom 1852 Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe Historic fiction based on her observations Expressed her lifetime hatred of slavery Book stirred Northern abolitionists Southerners criticized the book; thought it was an attack against them North of 36-30 line 1854-Stephen Douglas proposed bill that would allow “people” to decide for or against slavery Kansas-Nebraska Act-1854 passed allowing popular sovereignty Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery clashes began “Bleeding Kansas” Repealed Missouri Compromise 1857 Supreme Court ruled that slaves are property, protected by the Constitution Being in a free state did not make a slave free Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner severely beaten by Southern Congressman Preston Brooks Not pro-African-Americans Objected to slaves competing with white laborers Many against slavery, but were not abolitionists Formed in 1854 Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act Wanted to contain slavery 1858 Stephen Douglas (Dem) vs. Abraham Lincoln (Rep) for Illinois Senate seat Lincoln drew attention with attacks on slavery Douglas won election, but did not defend slavery enough; lost support in South Raid led by abolitionist, John Brown Financial backing from Northern abolitionists Band of 21 men, black and white Stormed federal arsenal in VA. Wanted to start a slave uprising Troops put down rebellion Brown tried and put to death See “John Brown’s Raid” video-History Channel Lincoln (Rep) wanted to contain slavery Did not want to interfere with Southern slaves Viewed as enemy to South Lincoln won with no electoral votes from the South; not on many ballots there States’ rights vs. federal government control Lincoln’s victory convinced the South that slavery would be taken away Dec. 1860, South Carolina seceded ◦ Followed by Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, and Florida Formed in February, 1861 Montgomery, Alabama Richmond, Virginia would be Southern capital Drew up Constitution much like U.S.’s, but mentioned slavery would be “protected and recognized” in new territories President-Jefferson Davis Fort Sumter, South Carolina Southern fort in Union hands April 12, 1861 shots first fired by Confederates No deaths Union: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ More resources More people More industrialized More extensive railroad system Confederacy: ◦ “King Cotton” ◦ First-rate generals ◦ Highly motivated soldiers Union had to conquer South to win South was fighting defensively Three-Part Plan ◦ Union Navy would blockade Southern ports ◦ Union riverboats and armies move down Mississippi River and split Confederacy in two ◦ Union armies capture Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia Ulysses S. Grant commanded Union forces Robert E. Lee commanded Confederate forces A33 in Textbook Lincoln disliked slavery Did not think federal government had power to abolish slavery where it already existed January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation-freed slaves behind Confederate lines Gave war a moral purpose Most soldiers lived in very unsanitary conditions-body lice, dysentery, and diarrhea were common Red Cross-started by Clara Barton after Civil War ◦ Thousands of women were nurses during the war 1863-battles began well for South, but by July, 1863, the tide turned for the North Gettysburg-most decisive battle of Civil War ◦ Union victory ◦ 3-day battle ◦ 23,000 Union deaths/wounded, 28,000 Confederate deaths/wounded ◦ Casualties more than 30 percent ◦ Northerners proved that General Lee was not invincible November, 1863 Cemetery for victims was dedicated Lincoln spoke for little more than two minutes His speech re-made America ◦ From “the United States are…. To “the United States is” Defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg cost the South much of their remaining resources; they were already low on supplies ◦ Many Confederates began deserting ◦ General Grant’s plan was to destroy Lee’s army in Virginia while General Sherman raided Georgia ◦ Most of Atlanta was burned! ◦ See Video-”Sherman Closes in on Savannah”- History Channel April 9, 1865 Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court House, Virginia Grant ordered by Lincoln to agree to generous terms 360,000 Union soldiers and 260,000 Confederate soldiers died First modern war-rifle, minie ball, hand grenades, land mines and iron-clad ships 13th Amendment frees slaves in all of U.S. Northern economy thrives Southern landscape and economy devastated 1865-1877 Process of determining how to bring Confederate states back into the Union Rebuilding infrastructure of the South How to help former slaves transition into society Very lenient toward the South Wanted to restore the Union Known as 10 percent plan: if 10 percent of voters from 1860 election in each state would swear allegiance to the Union, that state would be readmitted Pardons for all Confederates, except highranking officials Lincoln’s VP and successor after his death Restoration plan Much like Lincoln’s Said “white men alone should manage the South” Wanted to try to take voting privileges away from wealthy Southern landowners Ended up pardoning more than 13,000 Confederates Lincoln’s plan angered a minority of Republicans Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner Wanted to destroy political power of former slaveholders Wanted African-Americans to have full citizenship and right to vote Wade-Davis Bill-would demand a majority in each Confederate state to swear allegiance to the Union for re-admittance Split the South into 5 military districts Military sent South to enforce federal laws and keep order Insisted that each state hold a convention to write new state constitutions Must grant African-Americans right to vote Ratification of 14th Amendment required Established to help “freedmen”-former slaves and poor whites with education, food, shelter, jobs, and medical needs Freedmen’s Bureau was short-lived; eventually funding was cut off Johnson vetoed Freedmen’s Bureau Act of 1866 Most teachers were whites from the North ◦ 95% of former slaves illiterate Gave African-American citizenship and forbade states from passing Jim Crow Laws or Black Codes ◦ laws that severely restricted African-Americans’ lives ◦ Led to segregation ◦ CRA of 1866 vetoed by President Johnson ◦ Freedmen’s Bureau Act and CRA of 1866 vetoes overridden by Congress 1868-added to the Constitution Established that anyone born or naturalized in the United States was a citizen Nullified Dred Scott decision Provided “due process” Passed as a basis for Civil Rights Act of 1866 Johnson made life difficult for Radical Republicans Blocked much of Reconstruction plans Wanted evidence to impeach him He violated Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton in 1867 Stanton had been approved by the Senate, but Johnson had not asked their permission before firing him House impeached Johnson Trial held, but he escaped removal from office by one vote shy of 2/3’s needed to remove him Economy devastated Value of land plummeted Many small farms ruined Federal taxes increased to try to pay for public works programs to rebuild South Scalawags-Southerners who joined the Republican Party-many were small farmers Carpetbaggers-negative term used for Northerners that went South after the war ◦ Misconception was they carried all belongings in small traveling bags made of carpet ◦ Many thought they came to take advantage of the South Many African-Americans could not own their own land Many became sharecroppers-landowner divided land and assigned each head of household a few acres, provided, seed, tools, etc. to work land Able to keep a small “share” of the crop, gave rest to landowner ◦ No possibility of land ownership Tenant farming-”croppers” who save a little money, might be able to rent land for cash and keep their harvest Rent to own system almost never worked! Ku Klux Klan Vigilante group Wanted to destroy Republican party, throw out Reconstruction governments, aid planters, prevent African-Americans from voting Terrorized and killed as many as 20,000 men, women and children Founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest in 1866Tennesssee Enforcement Acts of 1870-1871 tried to restrict KKK violence “WASP” Panic of 1873-stole attention Supreme Court began to undo some changes Radicals had made African-Americans still denied rights Election of 1876-Dem. Samuel Tilden vs. Rep. Rutherford B. Hayes ◦ Tilden won popular vote, but not enough electoral votes ◦ Compromise of 1877-Hayes named president, as long as federal troops left the South ◦ Reconstruction ends