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Food protection and Role Role of Botanicals against of Insects in Food Stored Product Insects infestation By Dr. GURUPRASAD B.R Young Scientist (DST) FPIC CSIR-CFTRI Insects Inside and Out Insects More than 100,000 species of insects are found almost everywhere in India, but very few are harmful. Insects are important to the food chain, pollination, honey, wax, shellac, silk, food, scavenging, and Lady beetle adult and larva good or bad? Let's examine which insects are "good" and which ones are "bad". Are lady beetles good or bad? Well, they are good when they eat aphids, but bad when hundreds collect inside your house. Honey bees - good or bad? Are honey bees good or bad? They are good when they pollinate and produce honey, but bad when Termites - good or bad? © 1998-2003 Troy Bartlett They are bad when they eat the wood in your house, but good when they break down dead and fallen trees. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species In school we learned that animals are divided into smaller and smaller groups. Let's look where insects fit in the animal kingdom. From top to bottom, each category has fewer species, and the groups of animals within each category are increasingly similar. Kingdom- animal Phylum arthropod Class - insect Order - diptera Family muscidae Genus - Musca species domestica Using the house fly as an example. Notice the genus and species is the official scientific name of the animal. This name is valid in any country of the world and is an important way to avoid confusion. This two-word Latin naming system was developed in 1758 and has hardly changed House Fly Musca = fly domestica = home Scientific names are always two words. The first part of the name (Genus) is always capitalized. This lets us know that it is the genus. The second name is always in lower case and is usually descriptive of the insect in some manner. Because these words are in Latin, they are always italicized (or underlined which substitutes for italics). Skeeter Hawk Cicada Cow Killer Locust Velvet ant Locust External Anatomy Adult insects are known for having three major body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pair of wings as adults. head thorax abdomen Adult insects develop as a composite of fused segments with specific body part associations. from the 1995 Physiology or Medicine Nobel Poste antennae compound eyes The first body region is the head. Insect heads can be highly variable, but most possess eyes, antennae and mouthparts. HEAD head mouthparts Antennae beetle butterfly fly ant termite June beetle Antennae are used by insects as major sensory devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for the insect in many ways. Two Examples of Mouthparts chewing piercing/sucking Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few examples. Mouthparts of an immature insect may differ from those of the same insect in its adult stage. Picture of bodyparts The middle body region is called the thorax and is composed of three fused segments. All legs and wings are located on the thorax. Thorax swimming digging suction Legs grasping Like the mouthparts and antennae, insect legs are quite variable in form and function and reflect the The last body region is called the abdomen. It is composed of many segments connected by flexible sections allowing it great movement. Abdomen Insects possess an exterior covering called the exoskeleton. They do not have internal bones. This segmented "shell" is what gives insects shape and can be very hard in some insects. It is often covered with a waxy layer and may have "hairs" called setae. seta ( hair) waxy layer Exoskeleton x-sec Internal Anatomy Digestive System foregut hindgut Digestive sys midgut The digestive system is a tube that opens at the mouth and empties at the tail end of the insect. It is divided into three parts called the foregut, midgut, and hind gut. In some insects such as the honey bee, the foregut acts as a crop to carry or hold liquids which can be regurgitated later. Circulatory System “ heart ” aortic pumps Circ system The circulatory system is not composed of a central heart, veins and arteries which circulate blood cells and transport oxygen. The insect circulatory system is a simple tube down the back which is open at both ends and slowly pulses body fluids and nutrients from the rear of the insect to the head. two lobed brain Nervous system nerve bundles Nervous System (ganglia) The Respiratory system is composed of air sacs and tubes called tracheae. Air enters the tubes through a series of openings called spiracles found along the sides of the body. The largest spiracles are usually found on the thorax where greater musculature from wings and legs require more oxygen. There are no spiracles on the head. tracheal tubes spiracles Respiratory Life Cycles Complete Metamorphosis Eggs 2. Larvae 3. Pupae 4. Adult 1. egg Without Metamorphosis nymphs adult Without meta The first type is "without" metamorphosis which the wingless primitive orders such as silverfish .The young resemble adults except Incomplete Metamorphosis egg naiads adult Incomplete meta The second type is "incomplete" metamorphosis which is found among the aquatic insect orders such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies (Odonata). Gradual Metamorphosis The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in such orders as the grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera). This life cycle starts as an egg, but each growth, or nymphal stage looks similar, except it lacks wings and the reproductive capacity that the adult possesses. Gradual meta egg nymphs adult Complete Metamorphosis egg larvae pupa adult Insects – prevalent features of our environment • Number of species; • Interactions in ecosystems and with us; • Our major competitors. Supply of Food in Nature Crop production in India (Million tonnes) Source: PHD Research Bureau, compiled from Ministry of Agriculture Introduction • United nations predicts 1.3 billion tons of food is lost Globally every year. • The current world population expected : 10.5 Billion by 2050 The above food loss, if managed / prevented, can feed future generations ? Food Supplies would need to increase by 60% in order to meet the food demand in 2050. (Gustavsson et al, 2011) Food storage losses in India Annual Storage losses have been estimated 14-million tones of Food grains worth of 7000 crores every year. Post –harvest losses Storage alone 8 % 1. INSECTS : 2.5 – 4.8 % 2. RODENTS : 2.70 % 3. BIRDS : 0.85 % 4. MOISTURE : 0.68 % Source: TNAU Major losses of Stored food by pests In India 80% of human food comes from grains The storage losses to insects alone account for nearly Rs 1,300 crores annually Postharvest losses in India amount to 12 to 16 million metric tonnes of food grains annually. Source: World Bank report 2013 Food losses vary by the stage of supply chain across countries 25 20 Developed Countries Developing Countries % 15 10 5 0 On Field Source: Gustavsson et. al (2011) Handling & Processing and Distrubtion Storage Packaging Consumption Grain Moisture 12-18% moisture is conducive for insects Some species can infest 9-10% moisture grain (larger grain borer on corn) At 15% moisture or higher, molds infect grain Conceptual frame work for estimating food losses Post –Harvest Food Losses Harvesting Food Storage Insects Processing Removal Discard Molds Visual Season Shrink Shrinkge Moisture Spoilage Poor Decision Moisture handlg Mechanizat Temp Transpt ions Handle losses, Transpt Poor Time package Packaging Sales Consumption InfraImproper Structure, package, Poor Lack & inventory, failure of Improper package, portiong, Transpt Seasonal losses Items, Temp Left over, Expire dates, Bulk purchase. Poor positiong Food availability and accessibility can be increased 1. Increasing Production 2. Improving distribution 3. Reducing the Losses (Gustavsson et al, 2011) Difference between rats Fecal matter of the Rats Structure of Rats Foot prints of the Rats What are stored product insects? Insects which infest durable stored products Insects associated with food and infest our food materials especially in storage conditions Durable products such as Grains Pulses, Nuts, Dried fruits, Dried herbs and spices etc; (products with low moisture content) Stored Products food infested 600 species of beetles 70 species of moths 355 mites , 40 species of Rodents 150 species of fungi Important SPI 1. Coleoptera or beetles 2. Lepidoptera or moths 3. Psocoptera or book/bark lice Key for Larvae Head capsule Present Absent Fly Prolegs Present MOTH Prolegs absent BEETLE Identification of Common Pests of Stored Grain Where do the pests come from ? For Example: If the pest is found in a package /storage site/a food factory Introduced together with the raw product Present as a part of residual infestation in machinery / hiding spaces in building Entered through openings being attracted from outside Prolonged Transportation Proposed Origin Mostly tropical or subtropical in origin. 1. Coleoptera or beetles: a. Under bark of trees b. Seeds c. Ripened fruits d. Wood shoot e. fungi and moulds 2. Lepidoptera or moths: a. leaf litter b. nests of wasps and birds Many storage pests have been associated with the humans. Indian Meal Moth Population Build-up 1,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000 10,000 Adult Female 22,500 45,000 100,000 3,375,000 6,750,000 10,000,000 Eggs 100 150 300 1,000 1 1 10 Day 1 Day 60 Day 120 Day 180 One female lays 300 eggs that mature into 150 females in 60 days under ideal conditions. From 1 Female to 1 Billion Eggs in 180 Days Red Flour Beetle:Tribolium castaneum Adult live for 4-10 months,3-4mm long, strong flier, Egg: 450-500/F Hatch in 5-6 days Larval period 4-10 wks Life cycle: 4-12 months Temp: Max 40oC Min 20oC RH: >1% Secretes methyl and ethyl Benzoquinones (which are Cancercausing) and volatile compounds from Thoracic and Abdomen glands Saw-toothed Grain Beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis Adult: 2.54 mm, Presence of six saw tooth in Thorax Life span:1-3 years 300 eggs / F hatch in 3-6 days Larva:3-3.3 mm Pupal period: 8-25 days Life Cycle: 27-25 days Temp: Max:38oC, Min: 18oC But never flies Cosmopoltian Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) Adult :3-4mm long Larva: 5-6mm long Larval period 10-38 days Pupal stage : 4-28 days Eggs : 250 eggs : 1-37 per day Egg period : 6-16 days Life span : 5-15 days. Lesser Grain Borer: Rhyzopertha dominica Rice Weevil :Sitophilus oryzae Adult live for 3-6mths, 2.5- 4 mm long, Egg: 150/F Hatch Larval period 4-10 wks, legless Life cycle: 4-12months Temp: Max 15-34oC RH: >40% Male:short Snout irregular pits; Female: long Snout regular pits Trogoderma granarium Family: Dermestidae. 700 species. 3 categories: breed only on animal protein (Dermestes spp.) breed on plant and animal materials (Trogoderma spp.) breed on cereals and cereal products (Trogoderma spp.). Trogoderma granarium (Khapra beetle). Serious pest of stored grain. Rice Weevil :Sitophilus oryzae Adult:6-10 days 7-9 mm long, Egg: 150-200/F Hatch- 3 days Larval period 4-10 wks, legless Life cycle: 4-12 days Temp: Max 15-35oC RH: 25-90% Fore wings are bicoloured, Labial palps pointing forward Larvae of the beetles associated with stored products Apodous Larvae Eruciform Larvae Elateriform Larvae Campodeifom Larvae Scarabaeiform Relative weight losses caused by different species during their lifetime Insect species Diet T.castaneum Flour R.dominica Wheat S.granarius Wheat O.surinamensis Oats S. oryzae Wheat P.interpunctela Maize (Indian meal moth ) Weight Loss (mg) Larva Adult 13 5 19 2 07 34 315 149 67 33 25 ---- Total 328 154 86 35 32 34 Features of Stored-Product Beetles Adults can live between 2 months and a year Mate multiple times Both adults and larvae cause damage Females lay eggs throughout their adult life Features of Stored-Product Moths Adults live 6-8 days Only larvae cause damage Eggs by females are laid within 6 days May mate 1-3 times Types of losses due to pests Direct Indirect Direct losses – Actual consumption • loss of weight, • loss of nutrients, • lower germination, • reduced grade • lower market value – Contamination – Damage to structures or containers Indirect losses • • • • • • • • wet grain heating bacteria fungi alflatoxins parasites of humans control and application costs excessive pesticide residues loss of consumer confidence Management of Stored Food Pests Objective: Prevent contamination from causing rejection • Monitor Pest Population • Control through non-chemical means if possible • Use Chemicals as a last resort (they can cause rejection too). Inspection and Monitoring • Survey areas where insect pests can enter facility • Windows and doors should be tight to prevent entry when closed • Vegetation (fruit and nut trees) can cause pests to proliferate close to the building • Weeds can provide harborage Pheromone Trap Trapping • Traps for all but flour beetles should be placed about 6 feet up. Flour beetle traps should be placed level on floor or shelves • Do not place close to windows and doors to prevent luring insects into facility • Pinpoint problem areas, then visually inspect to find infestation • Routinely service to replace attractants and clean or change sticky traps Information from Trapping • Monitoring—new introductions, isolate current problems • Looking at setae on back of a beetle, can determine food it was in. IPM: Management Tactics • Non-chemical control –Sanitation— –Physical— –Cultural— • Many of the non-chemical control methods are PREVENTATIVE –Biological Control: ? IPM: Management Tactics Judicious use of insecticides Examples of treatment plans, associated application equipment, formulations available and some products Common Facilities with Stored Product Pests • Warehouses • Stores • Homes • Bins will be covered in the lab