Download Reports and Activities of International Commission on Radiation

Reports and Activities of
International Commission on
Radiation units and Measurements
ICRU
Hans-Georg Menzel
Chairman – ICRU Main Commission
CERN (retired)
Bethesda, 12 Oct. 2016
The definition of appropriate quantities, and
their associated units, is a fundamental necessity
for any scientific endeavour and for any practical
applications of scientific knowledge.
It all began in1895 ...
W C Röntgen demonstrates his x rays in Würzburg on Geheimrat von Kölliker’s hand
Early 20th century:
Lack of knowledge about the
risks of exposure to radiation

numerous injuries
First International Congress of Radiology, London 1925
The urgent need for an internationally recognized
unit for radiation exposure in medicine
led to the creation of the
International X-Ray Unit Committee
1950 renamed: Int. Commission for Radiological Units and
Measurements ( ICRU)
2nd Congress of Radiology, Stockholm 1928
The International X ray and
Radium Protection
Committee established
1950 named International
Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP)
Mandate: provide guidance
for practical radiation
protection
Chairman: Rolf Sievert
Absorbed Dose
Following its mandate by the Int. Congress of
radiology, ICRU introduced in 1953:
The absorbed dose, D, is the quotient of the
mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation
to matter of mass dm
d
D
dm
•
•
•
Absorbed dose is a metrological sound quantity
Primary standards exist for some materials
the unit is J/kg; special name for the unit: gray
ICRU Mission Statement:
To develop and promulgate internationally
accepted recommendations on radiation
related quantities and units, terminology,
measurement procedures, and reference
data for the safe and efficient application
of ionizing radiation to medical diagnosis and
therapy, radiation science and technology,
and radiation protection of individuals and
populations.
ICRU is member of the CCU:
Consultative Committee for
Units,
which reports to the
International Committee
for Weights and Measures
(CIPM)
ICRU History & Leadership:
• First International Congress of Radiology
1925: International X-ray Unit
Committee
• Stockholm 1928 Officially Recognized
• Propose and Develop Unit for Medical
Radiation Applications
• Laurie Taylor
1953 – 1969
• H.O. Wyckoff
1969 – 1987
• A. Allisy
1987 – 1994
• A.W. Wambersie 1994 – 2006
• P.M. DeLuca, Jr. 2006 – 2009
• Hans Menzel
2009 - Present
Organization of Activities:
Medical
Applications:
Diagnostic
Therapeutic
Non-Ionizing
Quantities
and
Units
Non-Medical
Applications:
Radiation Processing
Environmental
Basic Data:
Cross Sections
Material Specification
Radiation Constants
Medical Imaging Science
• Medical Imaging - Assessment of Image Quality
(Report 54) 1995
• Absorbed Dose Specification in Nuclear Medicine
(Report 67) 2002
• Image Quality in Chest Radiography (Report 70) 2003
• Patient Dosimetry of X Rays used in Medical Imaging
(Report 74) 2005
• Radiation Dosimetry and Image Quality Assessment in
Computed Tomography (Report 87) 2012
Medical Radiation Oncology
Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Photon-Beam Therapy
–
Supplement (Report 62) 1999
• Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Electron Beam Therapy
(Report 71) 2004
• Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Proton-Beam Therapy
(Report 78) 2007
•Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Intensity-Modulated
Photon-Beam Therapy (IMRT) (Report 83) 2010
•Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Stereotactic
Treatments with Small Photon Beams (in press)
Work About
to be published:
Medical Radiation
Oncology Area
Reports with Radiation Protection Focus
ICRU Report No. 53 (1994)
• Ground level spectrometry
• Airborne spectrometry
• Determination of
dose quantities
ICRU Report No. 68 (2002)
• Measurements on individuals
(physical, biological)
• environmental measurements
+ modelling (luminescence,
mass spectrometry)
• Radionuclides in environment
ICRU Report No. 69 (2003)
“Whole Body counter”
• Types of detectors
• Measurement geometries
• Background reduction
• Calibration
Reference Data for Cosmic Radiation Exposure
of Aircraft Crew
Low Dose Exposures
Radon Measurements (new)
All ICRU
Reports are
published by
OUP
System of radiation protection dosimetry
Physical quantities
• Fluence, 
• Kerma, K
• Absorbed dose, D
ICRU
Q(L)
Comparison &
estimation
Operational quantities
• Ambient dose equivalent, H*(d)
• Directional dose equivalent, H’(d,  )
• Personal dose equivalent, Hp(d)
ICRP
Protection quantities
• Organ absorbed dose, DT
• Organ equivalent dose, HT
• Effective dose, E
Related by calibration
and calculation
Monitored quantities
Instrument responses
6
wR
ICRU is currently reviewing/revising operational
quantities
• New dose conversion coefficients for effective dose in ICRP 116 extend
to much higher energies than ICRP74 / ICRU57
• Dose conversion coefficients for operational quantities underestimate
those for E at high enrergies
• ICRU tissue cannot be manufactured
• Reduced dose limit for the lens of the eye: new modeling required
Current Report Activities
• Radiation Monitoring for Protection of the
Public after Major Releases of Radionuclides
to the Environment
• Methods for Initial-phase Assessment of
Individual Doses Following Acute Exposure to
Ionizing Radiation
Thank you for the invitation and for your interest.
[email protected]
[email protected]