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1) Which of the following organs is not a part of the urinary system?
A. kidney
B. ureter
C. vagina
D. urethra
E. bladder
2) Which of the following organs is involved in filtering blood and reabsorbing nutrients from the filtrate?
A. kidney
B. ureter
C. vagina
D. urethra
E. bladder
3) Which of the following hormones is not produced by the kidneys?
A. Aldosterone
B Renin
C. Erythropoietin
4) The kidneys can not detoxify drugs.
A. The above statement is true.
D. calcitrol
B. The above statement is false
5) Which of the following is not excreted primarily by the kidneys?
A. carbon dioxide
B. urea
C. creatinine
D. uric acid
6) Nitrogenous waste products are ____.
A. safe to human body
B. normally accumulated in the blood without generating any adverse
effects
C. toxic and need to be excreted
7) The functional units of the kidneys are ___.
A. nephrons
B proximal tubules
C. distal tubules
D. collecting ducts
8) A nephron contains all of the following except ____.
A. glomerulus
B proximal tubule
C. distal tubule
collecting duct
E. loop of Henle
D. loop of Henle
E.
9) Which of the following is the correct route of blood flow in the kidneys?
A. renal artery  …  afferent arteriole  glomerulus  efferent arteriole  peritubular capillary 
… renal vein
B. renal artery  …  efferent arteriole  glomerulus  afferent arteriole  peritubular capillary 
… renal vein
C. renal artery  …  glomerulus  afferent arteriole  efferent arteriole  peritubular capillary 
… renal vein
D. renal artery  …  afferent arteriole  peritubular capillary  glomerulus  efferent arteriole 
… renal vein
10) At which part of renal blood vessel system does filtration occur?
A.. renal artery B. afferent arterioles C. efferent arterioles D. glomeruli
E. peritubular capillaries
11) An increased glomerular blood pressure will cause ___.
A. an increase in glomerular filtration rate B. a decrease in glomerular filtration rate
C. no change in glomerular filtration rate
12) Glomerular filtration rate refers to _____.
A. the blood flow into the two kidneys per minute
B. the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the
two kidneys combined
C. the amount of filtrate formed per minute by a single kidney
13) Glomerular filtration rate ____.
A. varies a lot from time to time
B. is relatively stable
14) Renal autoregulation aims to ____.
A. stabilize glomerular filtration rate
B. control reabsorption of filtrate by proximal tubules
C. control reabsorption of filtrate by distal tubules D. control reabsorption of filtrate by collecting ducts
15) To which of the following blood components are glomerular filtration membranes least permeable?
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A. urea
B. uric acid
C. electrolytes
D. glucose
E. proteins
16) Which of the muscles is under voluntary control in adults?
A. internal urethral sphincter
B. external urethral sphincter
C. both of the above
D. neither of the above
17) Diabetes insipidus ___.
a. is caused by the lack of ADH
b. is accompanied with oliguria
c. is caused by the lack of insulin
18) The macula densa is able to detect the salinity of the tubular fluid in ____.
A. proximal tubule
B. the distal tubule
C. the collecting duct
D. the loop of Henle
19) Voiding urine is voluntarily controlled in adults by neurons in _____.
A. spinal cord
B. medulla oblongata
C. pons
D. midbrain
E. cerebrum
20) Renin is secreted by ____.
A. macula densa
B juxtaglomerular cells
C. mesangial cells
21) What percent of nutrients in the filtrate is normally reabsorbed by the entire tubular system?
A. 50%
B. 65%
C. 70%
D. 80%
E. 99%
22) What percent of nutrients in the filtrate is normally reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules?
A. 50%
B. 65%
C. 75%
D. 85%
E. 99%.
23) Nutrients in the filtrate is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules through ____.
A. transcellular route only B. paracellular route only C. both of the above D. neither of the above
24) Solvent drag, one of the mechanisms for reabsorption, is driven by ___.
A. colloid osmotic pressure gradient between tubular fluid and the blood in the peritubular capillaries
B. hydrostatic pressure gradient between tubular fluid and the blood in the peritubular capillaries
25) Sodium pumps (Na+-K+ ATPase) are located in the _____.
A. apical membranes of the proximal convoluted tubular cells
B. basolateral membranes of the proximal convoluted tubular cells
26) Sodium pumps (Na+-K+ ATPase) actively transport Na+ from ____.
A. intracellular space to extracellular space
B. extracellular space to intracellular space
27) Sodium pumps (Na+-K+ ATPase) contribute directly or indirectly to the reabsorption of ____.
A. sodium
B glucose
C. amino acid
D. all of the above
28) Electrostatic attraction is a mechanism primarily for the reabsorption of _____ in proximal convoluted
tubules.
A. glucose.
B. the negative ions such as chloride
C. amino acids D. proteins
29) The capability of the renal tubules to reabsorb nutrients is _____.
A. unlimited
B. limited
30) The unique property of the thick ascending limb of nephron loop (loop of Henle) is that ____.
A. it reabsorbs two thirds of the filtrate
B. it is the target of aldosterone and ANF
C. it helps establish a high extracellular osmotic concentration in renal medulla
D. it concentrates urine by reabsorbing water
31) The unique property of the distal convoluted tubule is that ____.
A. it reabsorbs two thirds of the filtrate
B. it is the target of aldosterone and ANF
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C. it is permeable to urea
D. it concentrates urine by reabsorbing water
32) Aldosterone has the effect of ____
A. increasing reabsorption of sodium only
C. both of the above
B. increasing secretion of potassium only
D. neither of the above
33) The unique property of the collecting duct is that ____.
A. it reabsorbs two thirds of nutrients in the filtrate
B. it is the target of aldosterone and ANF
C. it is not a target of ADH
D. it concentrates urine by reabsorbing water
34) The collecting duct is ____.
A. always permeable to water
B. permeable to water depending on the presence of ADH
C. impermeable to water in the presence of ADH
35) Reabsorption of water in collecting duct is driven by ____.
A. a high osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
B. a high hydrostatic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
C. a high osmotic pressure of tubular fluid in the collecting duct
D. a low osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
36) ADH ____.
A. enhances water reabsorption
B. decreases water reabsorption
37) Urine normally contains less ___ than all the other components.
A. urea
B. sodium
C. proteins
D. creatinine
38) Diabetes mellitus can be caused by ____.
A. deficiency of glucagon
B. deficiency of ADH
C. either deficiency of insulin or insulin receptors D. none of the above
39) Patients of diabetes mellitus excrete abnormally high volume of urine because ____.
A. the glomerular filtration rate is higher than normal
B. the presence of glucose in tubular fluid increases the osmotic pressure of the tubular fluid and hinders
the reabsorption of water
C. insufficient amount of ADH is present
D. water permeability of the collecting duct is increased
40) Patients of diabetes insipidus excrete abnormally high volume of urine because ____.
A. the glomerular filtration rate is higher than normal
B. the presence of glucose in tubular fluid increases the osmotic pressure of the tubular fluid and hinders
the reabsorption of water
C. insufficient amount of ADH is present D. water permeability of the collecting duct is increased
41. About ___ of total body weight is water.
a. 40%
b. 50%
c. 60%
d. 90%
42. The three body fluid compartments include all of the following except ___.
a. the kidneys
b. plasma
c. intracellular fluid
d. tissue fluid
43. When placed in distilled water (0 mOsm), erythrocytes___. (Hint: The plasma membranes of
erythrocytes are permeable to water and the intracellular osmolarity is ~300 mOsm)
a. shrink
b. swell
c. do not shrink or swell
44. The amount of water loss via ___ is under precise physiological controll.
a. respiration
b. urine
c. sweating
d. feces
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45. Water loss via ___ can be avoided.
a. respiration
b. urine
46. Thirst is felt when ___.
a. blood volume decreases
c. sweating
b. plasma osmolarity decreases
47. The feeling of thirst is generated in the ____.
a. mouth
b. throat
c. spinal cord
48. Edema can be caused by ___.
a. an increased capillary reabsorption
lymphatic vessels
d. feces
c. blood volume increases
d. hypothalamus
b. a decreased capillary filtration
c. occlusion of
49. Which of the following ions is the most abundant in the intracellular fluid? (hint: consider intra- vs
extracellular distribution of each ion)
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Ca++
d. Cl50 . Which ion primarily determines the resting membrane potential?
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Ca++
d. Cl51. Which hormone is the primary regulator of plasma Na+ concentration?
a. PTH
b. calcitonin
c. aldosterone
52. The osmolarity of extracellular fluid is mainly contributed by ___.
a. NaCl
b. K+
c. PO4
53. Which ion serves as a second messenger?
a. Clb. Na+
c. Ca++
54. Which ion is a blood clotting factor?
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Ca++
55. Which hormone decreases plasma Ca++ concentration?
a. PTH
b. calcitonin
c. thyroid hormone
56. Which hormone decreases plasma K+ concentration?
a. aldosterone
b. Calcitonin
c. calcitrol
57. Calcitrol ___.
a. is not a derivative of vitamin D
absorption of Ca++ in small intestines
b. decreases plasma Ca++ concentration
c. increases
58. ___ is absolutely needed for the synthesis of ATP.
a. K+
b. Na+
c. Ca++
d. PO4359. When H+ concentration increases, pH ___.
a. increases
b. decreases
c. does not change
60. A buffer resists ___.
a. the increase but not the decrease in pH
increase and decrease in pH
b. the decrease but not the increase in pH
61. ___ is NOT a major buffer in human body.
a. HEPES buffer
b. Bicarbonate buffer
c. Protein buffer
c. both the
d. Phosphate buffer
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62. ___ are NOT involved in regulating plasma pH.
a. Chemical buffers
b. Respiratory system
c. Kidneys
d. Baroreceptors
63. Renal tubules secretes H+ when ___.
a. plasma pH is too high
b. plasma pH is too low
64. ___ can actually excrete H+ out of the body.
a. Chemical buffers.
b. The lungs
c. The kidneys
65. Hypoventilation causes ___.
a. respiratory acidosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
66. Diabetes mellitus can cause ___.
a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
67. Chronic vomiting can cause ___.
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
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KEY
1C
2A
3A
4B
5A
6C
7A
8E
9A
10D
11A
12B
13B
14A
15E
16B
17A
18B
19C
20B
21E
22B
23C
24A
25B
26A
27D
28B
29B
30C
31B
32C 33D
34B
35A
36A
37C
38C
39B
40C
41c
42a
43b
44b
45c
46a
47d
48c
49a
50a
51c
52a
53c
54c
55b
56a
57c
58d
59b
60c
61a
62d
63b
64c
65a
66c
67a
6