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Unit 4 Energy in Living Things Key Questions 1. What is the primary source of energy on Earth? 2. How do plants convert solar energy into chemical energy? 3. What parts do plants have that allow them to perform photosynthesis? 4. How do plants regulate water loss and the exchange of gases? Thought Question How does a flower get energy??? It all starts with the sun… Life Runs on Sugar The energy for life comes from the sun!!! Plants make sugar (photosynthesis) and store it They use the sugar to make energy (cellular respiration) Energy is transferred from 1 level to the next when organisms eat Autotrophic Nutrition Spectral Glasses!!! What do you see??? ROYGBIV!!! Autotrophic Nutrition SUNLIGHT Form of energy Made of many colors of light (spectrum) 7 colors in spectrum (spectrometers) R O Y G B I V Autotrophic Nutrition Examples of things that convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy: Solar calculators Solar energy-heat/power Plants-photosynthesis Autotrophic Nutrition So, how do plants use sunlight to make glucose? Autotrophic Nutrition Sunlight is a form of energy. Plants have chlorophyll - a green pigment that absorbs light energy. Plants grow the least in green light, because that wavelength of light is reflected Plants grow the best in red and blue light, because those wavelengths are absorbed the best. Autotrophic Nutrition What parts do plants have that allow them to perform photosynthesis and other important functions??? Autotrophic Nutrition 1. ROOTS Absorption of water and minerals from soil. Root hairs increase surface area for enhanced absorption. Video on server – root hairs (1:41) Autotrophic Nutrition Autotrophic Nutrition 2. STEMS Have vascular tissue throughout that transport water, food, and minerals between roots and leaves. Autotrophic Nutrition 3. LEAF Where photosynthesis occurs in plants. Why are leaves typically long and flat? Answer: To increase surface area for maximum light absorption, which increases photosynthesis Autotrophic Nutrition - FYI **90% of all photosynthesis is carried out by unicellular algae in the world’s oceans!!!** Autotrophic Nutrition Autotrophic Nutrition Define Leaf Structures: a. Chloroplasts – Site of photosynthesis. Contain chlorophyll. b. Cuticle – Decreases water loss and helps to prevent against infection by microorganisms. Autotrophic Nutrition Autotrophic Nutrition c. Epidermis – Most of the cells in this layer are clear-allow light to travel to mesophyll. d. Stomate – Openings in the epidermis. Allow for exchange of gases between tissues and the environment. Autotrophic Nutrition Autotrophic Nutrition e. Guard Cell – A pair surround each stomata. Regulate the opening and closing of the stomata. f. Palisade mesophyll –One to two cells thick. Made of tall, tightly packed cells with many chloroplasts. Where most of the photosynthesis occurs. Autotrophic Nutrition Autotrophic Nutrition g. Spongy Layer (or spongy mesophyll) –Have fewer chloroplasts than palisade but also site of photosynthesis. h. Xylem – Vascular tissue. Conducts water and minerals from the roots up through the stems and into leaves. Autotrophic Nutrition Autotrophic Nutrition Autotrophic Nutrition i. Phloem – Vascular tissue. Conducts mainly organic compounds dissolved in water (Food). j. Vein - Contain vascular tissues – xylem and phloem. Autotrophic Nutrition Celery and Food Coloring!!! Celery and food coloring/ Queen Anne’s Lace/ White carnation What would this flower look like over time and explain why Upper Epidermis Cuticle Palisade Mesophyll Spongy Layer Chloroplasts Lower Epidermis Xylem Vein Phloem Guard Cell Stomate Question: How do guard cells help to maintain homeostasis in leaves? Answer: They regulate the opening and closing of the stomates to control water loss and the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen!!! Autotrophic Nutrition PHOTOSYNTHESIS Define: Plants convert energy from the sun into chemical energy (glucose). Energy from sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll pigments in chloroplasts Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose. Autotrophic Nutrition Chlorophyll Enzymes Carbon Dioxide+Water Glucose+Oxygen+Water Light Energy OR Autotrophic Nutrition 6 CO2 + 12 H2O Light Energy Chlorophyll Enzymes C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 What would happen??? Photosynthesis Song!!! Photosynthesis song!!! (On server) Autotrophic Nutrition Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants: 1. CO2 and H2O Decrease in a raw material would result in decrease in photosynthesis. Autotrophic Nutrition 2. Light intensity As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase (up until a certain point). 3. Temperature When temperature is too high or too low, the rate of enzyme action will decrease, so there would be a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis. Autotrophic Nutrition Once synthesized, glucose can be used for: Aerobic respiration (make energy) Converted into starch (how plants store sugar) To synthesize other organic compounds such as lipids and proteins Autotrophic Nutrition Plant cells use the glucose made during photosynthesis for aerobic respiration! They do both!!! Autotrophic Nutrition What do autumn leaves and ripening bananas have in common? Answer!!! Green color in unripe bananas comes from chlorophyll. As bananas ripen, chlorophyll breaks down and disappears, revealing the yellow color which has been there all along. The yellows and oranges of autumn leaves are also revealed as their chlorophyll breaks down. What about plants that eat bugs??!! Videos http://arkive.org/venus-flytrap/dionaeamuscipula/video-00.html http://www.flickr.com/photos/schill/3685555296/ Article Read the article called, “Fatal Attraction” and answer the questions. Article: Questions 1. What did Darwin find to be in the ‘temporary cup or stomach’ of the Venus Flytrap? 2. Plants like the Venus Flytrap do not have muscles or nerves, so how do they snap their parts shut when an insect enters? 3. Describe the enzymes found in these plants that digest the organisms. Article: Questions 4. What do carnivorous plants use the digested materials for from their prey? 5. How are human activities, like agricultural runoff, affecting carnivorous plants? 6. Why are the natural habitats for these plants disappearing? Autotrophic Nutrition Plant cells use the glucose made during photosynthesis for aerobic respiration! They do both!!! Key Questions: Cellular Respiration 1. Why do living organisms need energy? 2. Where do organisms get the materials necessary to make energy? 3. How do organisms make energy? Cellular Respiration Cellular Process Review: Photosynthesis: Light energy CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O Cellular Respiration Plants SYNTHESIZE glucose from inorganic raw materials We rely on green plants to make the glucose we need for cellular respiration Plants use the glucose they made to produce energy Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Background: Life runs on sugar - During respiration, energy in food (sugar) is converted into ATP (a high energy molecule) which is used to power life processes!!! Cellular Respiration Interesting: Cellular Respiration is the OPPOSITE of Photosynthesis! Enzymes C6H12O6 + O2 ATP + CO2 + H2O Cellular Respiration Unlocking the Energy in Food! Unlocking the Energy in Food Cellular Respiration A process that occurs in ALL cells in the mitochondria MITOCHONDRIA: Glucose (sugar) Carbon Dioxide Water ENERGY (ATP) Oxygen Cellular Respiration ATP: A high energy molecule. When it is broken down, the energy released can power the life functions. Can be re-used when phosphate group is added back to molecule. Cellular respiration Break to release energy ATP Molecule Cellular Respiration **High energy bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups. When broken, LOTS of energy is released! Cellular Respiration Fact: A working muscle cell converts ADP into ATP at a rate of about 10 million molecules per second! Cellular respiration Cellular Respiration Cells gradually release the energy in glucose: Begins with glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm Results in only 2 ATP Cellular Respiration The process: a. Glycolysis: Glucose 2 ATP Power the life functions Pyruvic Acid Cellular Respiration 2 pathways of respiration: 1. Anaerobic Respiration: Does NOT use oxygen!!! Occurs in cytoplasm of the cells How organisms like bacteria and yeast respire After glycolysis: Cellular Respiration b. Fermentation Pyruvic Acid Lactic Acid (cell excretes) Bacteria produce (used in manufacture of yogurt, cheese) Muscle cells produce when oxygen is low (muscle fatigue) OR Ethyl Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide (Cell Excretes) Produced by yeast (used in manufacture of bread, beer, wine) Food Science! Yogurt: FDA requires manufacturers to add two types of bacteria to yogurt: Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilis When added to a warm milk bath, they ferment it into a semisolid (break-down lactose) As a waste product, they make lactic acid, which makes the yogurt tangy! Balloon Demo! Results Cellular Respiration Only 2 ATP’s made for every 1 molecule of glucose!!! End products of lactic acid or ethyl alcohol contain potential energy (stored energy) Demo!!! Cellular Respiration A better (more efficient) way to produce energy… Cellular Respiration 2. Aerobic Respiration: Uses oxygen!!! Used by most organisms (plants too!!!) Most efficient Occurs in the mitochondria – has the necessary enzymes to break down glucose more completely Cellular Respiration The process: a. Glycolysis: (in cytoplasm) Glucose 2 ATP (cells use for life functions) Pyruvic Acid Cellular Respiration b. Aerobic Phase: (Kreb Cycle) Pyruvic Acid O2 Goes to the mitochondria 6CO2 + 6H2O + 34 ATP (Powers life functions) Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration: 36 ATP for every 1 glucose!!! (18 x more energy; more efficient) Cellular respiration FYI: Energy and exercise! You can improve your ATP production through training! Anaerobic training (like sprints) can increase your tolerance to lactic acid. Aerobic training (like long runs) can increase the number and size of the mitochondria in muscles So, both methods are beneficial! Comparison of Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration Category Anaerobic Aerobic Energy Source Glucose Glucose O2 required? No Yes Waste Products of the Ethyl alcohol and CO2 reaction OR lactic acid H2O and CO2 Comparison of Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration Category Anaerobic Aerobic Amount of ATP produced 2 ATP per glucose 36 ATP per glucose Examples of organisms that regularly use the reaction Bacteria and yeast Most plants and animals Review Questions 1. Describe 2 differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 2. Why is aerobic respiration considered to be more efficient than anaerobic respiration? 3. How are photosynthesis and respiration connected? Applicable NYS Standards 1.1a, 1.2i, 5.1 (5.1a, 5.1b, 5.1c, 5.1d, 5.1e), 5.3b, 6.1a, 6.1b