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Unit 4
Energy in Living Things
Key Questions
 1. What is the primary source of energy on Earth?
 2. How do plants convert solar energy into chemical
energy?
 3. What parts do plants have that allow them to
perform photosynthesis?
 4. How do plants regulate water loss and the
exchange of gases?
Thought Question
How does a flower get energy???
It all starts with the sun…
Life Runs on Sugar
 The energy for life comes from the sun!!!
 Plants make sugar (photosynthesis) and store it
 They use the sugar to make energy (cellular
respiration)
 Energy is transferred from 1 level to the next when
organisms eat
Autotrophic Nutrition
Spectral Glasses!!!
What do you see???
ROYGBIV!!!
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



SUNLIGHT
Form of energy
Made of many colors of light (spectrum)
7 colors in spectrum (spectrometers)
R O
Y
G
B
I
V
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 Examples of things that convert energy
from sunlight into chemical energy:
Solar calculators
Solar energy-heat/power
Plants-photosynthesis
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So, how do plants use sunlight to
make glucose?
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 Sunlight is a form of energy. Plants have
chlorophyll - a green pigment that absorbs
light energy.
Plants grow the least in green light,
because that wavelength of light is
reflected
Plants grow the best in red and blue
light, because those wavelengths are
absorbed the best.
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 What parts do plants have that allow them to
perform photosynthesis and other important
functions???
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1. ROOTS
 Absorption of water and minerals from soil.
Root hairs increase surface area for enhanced
absorption.
Video on
server – root
hairs (1:41)
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2. STEMS
 Have vascular tissue throughout that
transport water, food, and minerals
between roots and leaves.
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3. LEAF
 Where photosynthesis occurs in plants.
 Why are leaves typically long and flat?
Answer:
 To increase surface area for maximum
light absorption, which increases
photosynthesis
Autotrophic Nutrition - FYI
**90% of all photosynthesis is carried out by
unicellular algae in the world’s oceans!!!**
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 Define Leaf Structures:
a. Chloroplasts – Site of photosynthesis.
Contain chlorophyll.
b. Cuticle – Decreases water loss and helps to
prevent against infection by microorganisms.
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c. Epidermis – Most of the cells in this layer are
clear-allow light to travel to mesophyll.
d. Stomate – Openings in the epidermis. Allow
for exchange of gases between tissues and
the environment.
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e. Guard Cell – A pair surround each stomata.
Regulate the opening and closing of the
stomata.
f. Palisade mesophyll –One to two cells thick.
Made of tall, tightly packed cells with many
chloroplasts. Where most of the
photosynthesis occurs.
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g. Spongy Layer (or spongy mesophyll) –Have
fewer chloroplasts than palisade but also site
of photosynthesis.
h. Xylem – Vascular tissue. Conducts water and
minerals from the roots up through the stems
and into leaves.
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i. Phloem – Vascular tissue. Conducts
mainly organic compounds dissolved in
water (Food).
j. Vein - Contain vascular tissues – xylem
and phloem.
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Celery and Food Coloring!!!
 Celery and food coloring/ Queen Anne’s Lace/ White
carnation
 What would this flower look like over time and
explain why
Upper Epidermis
Cuticle
Palisade
Mesophyll
Spongy
Layer
Chloroplasts
Lower
Epidermis
Xylem
Vein
Phloem
Guard Cell
Stomate
Question: How do guard cells help to
maintain homeostasis in leaves?
Answer:
 They regulate the opening and closing of the
stomates to control water loss and the exchange of
carbon dioxide and oxygen!!!
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 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Define: Plants convert energy from the sun
into chemical energy (glucose).
 Energy from sunlight is trapped by
chlorophyll pigments in chloroplasts
 Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose.
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Chlorophyll Enzymes
Carbon Dioxide+Water
Glucose+Oxygen+Water
Light Energy
OR
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6 CO2 + 12 H2O
Light Energy
Chlorophyll Enzymes
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
What would happen???
Photosynthesis Song!!!
 Photosynthesis song!!!
 (On server)
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 Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
in plants:
1. CO2 and H2O
 Decrease in a raw material would result in
decrease in photosynthesis.
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2. Light intensity
 As light intensity increases, the rate of
photosynthesis will increase (up until a certain
point).
3. Temperature
 When temperature is too high or too low, the
rate of enzyme action will decrease, so there
would be a decrease in the rate of
photosynthesis.
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 Once synthesized, glucose can be used for:
 Aerobic respiration (make energy)
 Converted into starch (how plants store
sugar)
 To synthesize other organic compounds
such as lipids and proteins
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Plant cells use the glucose made
during photosynthesis for
aerobic respiration!
They do both!!!
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What do autumn leaves and
ripening bananas have in common?
Answer!!!
 Green color in unripe bananas comes from
chlorophyll.
 As bananas ripen, chlorophyll breaks down
and disappears, revealing the yellow color
which has been there all along.
 The yellows and oranges of autumn leaves are
also revealed as their chlorophyll breaks
down.
What about plants that eat bugs??!!
Videos
 http://arkive.org/venus-flytrap/dionaeamuscipula/video-00.html
 http://www.flickr.com/photos/schill/3685555296/
Article
 Read the article called, “Fatal
Attraction” and answer the
questions.
Article: Questions
1. What did Darwin find to be in the ‘temporary
cup or stomach’ of the Venus Flytrap?
2. Plants like the Venus Flytrap do not have
muscles or nerves, so how do they snap their
parts shut when an insect enters?
3. Describe the enzymes found in these plants
that digest the organisms.
Article: Questions
4. What do carnivorous plants use the digested
materials for from their prey?
5. How are human activities, like agricultural
runoff, affecting carnivorous plants?
6. Why are the natural habitats for these plants
disappearing?
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 Plant cells use the glucose made during
photosynthesis for aerobic respiration!
 They do both!!!
Key Questions: Cellular Respiration
 1. Why do living organisms need energy?
 2. Where do organisms get the materials necessary to
make energy?
 3. How do organisms make energy?
Cellular Respiration
 Cellular Process Review:
 Photosynthesis:
Light energy
CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O
Cellular Respiration
 Plants SYNTHESIZE glucose from inorganic raw
materials
 We rely on green plants to make the glucose we
need for cellular respiration
 Plants use the glucose they made to produce
energy
Cellular Respiration
 Cellular Respiration Background:
 Life runs on sugar - During respiration,
energy in food (sugar) is converted into ATP
(a high energy molecule) which is used to
power life processes!!!
Cellular Respiration
Interesting: Cellular Respiration is the OPPOSITE of
Photosynthesis!
Enzymes
C6H12O6 + O2
ATP + CO2 + H2O
Cellular Respiration
Unlocking the Energy in Food!
Unlocking the Energy in Food
Cellular Respiration
 A process that occurs in ALL cells in the mitochondria
 MITOCHONDRIA:
Glucose (sugar)
Carbon Dioxide
Water
ENERGY
(ATP)
Oxygen
Cellular Respiration
 ATP:
 A high energy molecule.
 When it is broken down, the energy
released can power the life functions.
 Can be re-used when phosphate group is
added back to molecule.
Cellular respiration
Break to release
energy
ATP Molecule
Cellular Respiration
**High energy bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate
groups.
When broken, LOTS of energy is released!
Cellular Respiration
Fact: A working muscle cell converts ADP into ATP at a
rate of about 10 million molecules per second!
Cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration
 Cells gradually release the energy in glucose:
 Begins with glycolysis
 Occurs in the cytoplasm
 Results in only 2 ATP
Cellular Respiration
 The process:
a. Glycolysis:
Glucose
2 ATP
Power the life
functions
Pyruvic Acid
Cellular Respiration
 2 pathways of respiration:
1. Anaerobic Respiration:
 Does NOT use oxygen!!!
 Occurs in cytoplasm of the cells
 How organisms like bacteria and yeast respire
 After glycolysis:
Cellular Respiration

b. Fermentation
Pyruvic Acid
Lactic Acid (cell excretes)
Bacteria produce (used in
manufacture of yogurt,
cheese)
Muscle cells produce
when oxygen is low
(muscle fatigue)
OR
Ethyl Alcohol and
Carbon Dioxide (Cell
Excretes)
Produced by yeast
(used in manufacture
of bread, beer, wine)
Food Science!
 Yogurt:
 FDA requires manufacturers to add two
types of bacteria to yogurt:
 Lactobacillus bulgaricus and
Streptococcus thermophilis
 When added to a warm milk bath, they
ferment it into a semisolid (break-down
lactose)
 As a waste product, they make lactic
acid, which makes the yogurt tangy!
Balloon Demo!
Results
Cellular Respiration
Only 2 ATP’s made for every 1 molecule of glucose!!!
End products of lactic acid or ethyl alcohol contain
potential energy (stored energy)
Demo!!!
Cellular Respiration
A better (more efficient) way to
produce energy…
Cellular Respiration
 2. Aerobic Respiration:




Uses oxygen!!!
Used by most organisms (plants too!!!)
Most efficient
Occurs in the mitochondria – has the necessary
enzymes to break down glucose more
completely
Cellular Respiration
The process:
 a. Glycolysis: (in cytoplasm)
Glucose
2 ATP (cells use for
life functions)
Pyruvic Acid
Cellular Respiration
 b. Aerobic Phase: (Kreb Cycle)
Pyruvic Acid
O2
Goes to the
mitochondria
6CO2 + 6H2O + 34 ATP
(Powers life functions)
Cellular Respiration
Aerobic Respiration:
36 ATP for every 1 glucose!!!
(18 x more energy; more efficient)
Cellular respiration
FYI: Energy and exercise!
 You can improve your ATP production through training!
 Anaerobic training (like sprints) can increase your tolerance
to lactic acid.
 Aerobic training (like long runs) can increase the number and
size of the mitochondria in muscles
 So, both methods are beneficial!
Comparison of Anaerobic and
Aerobic Respiration
Category
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Energy Source
Glucose
Glucose
O2 required?
No
Yes
Waste Products of the Ethyl alcohol and CO2
reaction
OR lactic acid
H2O and CO2
Comparison of Anaerobic and
Aerobic Respiration
Category
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Amount of ATP
produced
2 ATP per glucose
36 ATP per glucose
Examples of
organisms that
regularly use the
reaction
Bacteria and yeast
Most plants and
animals
Review Questions
 1. Describe 2 differences between aerobic and
anaerobic respiration.
 2. Why is aerobic respiration considered to be more
efficient than anaerobic respiration?
 3. How are photosynthesis and respiration
connected?
Applicable NYS Standards
 1.1a, 1.2i, 5.1 (5.1a, 5.1b, 5.1c, 5.1d, 5.1e), 5.3b, 6.1a, 6.1b