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2000 B.C.-300 B.C. Bull of Knossos Height of Minoan Civilization of Crete Trojan War: Helen or economics? 2000 BC 1500 BC Minoans Disappear Mycenaean Civilization develops 1200 BC To Be Continued… 1200/1100 BC Greek Dark Ages “Dorian Invasion” 2,000+ islands in the Aegean Sea and Ionian Sea Easy transportation routes Connections with many societies Sailors, Sea Traders Gained natural resources (timber, precious metals, usable farmland) Peninsula was the main land. ¾ Mountainous Land, ¼ Arable Land, Few small streams Mountains divided land into different regions. Difficult land travel Couldn’t support large population Independent communities developed. Moderate temperatures Outdoor life/public events Indo-Europeans Settled on main land Mycenae was the leading city. 20 feet thick wall Controlled other cities (Athens, Tiryns) Contact through war and trade Mycenaeans saw the value of sea trading. They adopted and adapted Minoan the writing system, trade, and art to fit their society. 10 year way against Troy, in Anatolia One of last battle campaigns Helen or economics? Mycenaean civilization collapsed soon after when sea traders burned Greek villages. Moved into war-torn countryside Spoke a Greek dialect Less advanced than Mycenaeans No evidence of writing Told stories through an oral tradition Blind poet Retold/had written down The Iliad & The Odyssey Other stories & hymns as well Gives us: Description of gods Details of life Important values Clues about Greek life Myth- a traditional story that explains the origin of a natural phenomenon, normally using the supernatural to explain Mythology- a collection of myths It helps us understand Classical Greek religion. Polytheistic Mt. Olympus Gods took on human qualities. Stories help explain the natural world. Titans Olympians Heroes Personified Concepts Giants Seers Etc. Original race of deities (gods, goddesses) Twelve in first generation Overthrew titans in the Titanomachy and gained control Reside on Mount Olympus Characters who show courage and self-sacrifice in the face of danger for the greater good Close relationship with gods Hero-cults- groups following a specific hero Personification- expressing an emotion, an inanimate objects, animals, or a natural force in human form or giving it human attributes I.e. Muses- Personification of knowledge and art A race of great strength and aggression Not necessarily great in size Believed to be children of Earth and Sky Predictors of the future Give a nice firm handshake. Greet your new friends politely. You can only reveal your name explicitly. Learn about your new friends’ personalities, personal attributes, and careers through conversation and acting. F a m i l y t h e G r e T e r k e e G o o d f s Polis- city-state (Athens, Sparta) Acropolis- a fortified hilltop for government meetings Tyrants- rulers who seized power by appealing to the common people for support Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy (Mycenae 2000 B.C.) (Athens before 594 B.C.) (Sparta 500 B.C.) Direct Democracy (Athens after 594 B.C.) • Ruled by king or queen • Ruled by nobility • Ruled by a small group of citizens • Ruled by citizens • Rule is hereditary • Based on family ties, social rank, wealth • Rule based on wealth or ability • Rule based on citizenships • Some rulers claim divine right • Social status and wealth support authority. • Ruling group controls military • Majority rule decides vote Council Of Five Hundred Created by Cleithenes Represented population Proposed laws and counseled Created limited democracy No women Education Focus on good citizenship for men Reading, grammar, poetry, history, mathematics, and music, public speaking Sports strategies Olympics “We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain undeniable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the people over whom they govern.” Built a military state Helots- slaves forced to stay on the land they worked, giving half of the crops to the Spartans Helots tried to revolt and almost won. Spartans dedicated themselves to preventing defeat. The Council of Elders created an oligarchy. Men Training began at 7. Forced military work until 60 Slept on wooden benches Ate small meals Focused on marching, exercise, fighting, etc. Women Military Training Ran families while husbands were at war “Come back with your shield, or on it.” Freedom “The fundamental theme through all the centuries has been the principle that force and power are the determining factors. All development is struggle. Only force rules. Force is the first law. . . . Only through struggle have countries and the world become great. If one should ask whether this struggle is gruesome, then the only answer could be—for the weak, yes, for humanity as a whole, no. Instead of everlasting struggle, the world preaches cowardly, and everlasting peace. These three things, considered in the light of their ultimate consequences, are the causes of the downfall of all humanity.” Bull of Knossos Height of Minoan Civilization of Crete Trojan War: Helen or economics? 2000 BC 1500 BC Minoans Disappear Mycenaean Civilization develops 1200 BC To Be Continued… 1200/1100 BC Greek Dark Ages “Dorian Invasion” Greeks win Persian Wars. 479 BC Continued… 750 BC Polis life emerged and city-states flourished. Athens, Sparta, Etc. To Be Continued… 477-431 BC Greece’s Golden Age An invasion of the Persian Empire led Sparta and Athens to their greatest glory. Phalanx- formation in which foot soldiers (hoplites) stood side by side, each holding a spear in one hand and a shield in the other Ionian Greeks revolted after Persians conquered Ionia. Athens sent troops to help. Battle Of Marathon Athens: 20,000 men Persia: 100,000 men Phalanx formation Persians weren’t prepared. Battle Of Thermopylae Athenians held Persia with the Delian League. Feelings of confidence and freedom Athens became leader of the Delian League, and began using that power to control other members. Athens became empire-like. 477-431 BC 1. Stronger Democracy Direct Democracy- citizens rule directly, not through representation 2. Strengthen Empire Stronger Navy Members of Delian League as members of empire 3. Glorify Athens Stronger Navy Members of Delian League as members of empire Classical Art- portrayal of ideal beauty, not realism; harmony, order, balance Tragedy- serious drama about common themes (love, hate, war, etc.) with a tragic hero as the main character Comedy- scenes of crude humor to make fun of respected people and ideas of the time Herodotus wrote the first histories. “Lovers of Wisdom” Believed the universe is orderly and follows unchanging laws. People can only understand these laws through reason. Sophists questioned ideas about justice and what was fair. Critic of sophists Absolute standards for truth and justice Neglected gods On trial for “corrupting the youth of Athens” Poisoned himself before being killed Student of Socrates Wrote conversations down of Socrates’ (The Republic) Wrote about an ideal society with three social classes (farmers, warriors, ruling class) Questioned nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge Created Scientific Method Tutored Alexander, son of King Philip II of Macedonia Greeks win Persian Wars.Al 479 BC Continued… 750 BC Polis life emerged and city-states flourished. Athens, Sparta, Etc. To Be Continued… 477-431 BC Greece’s Golden Age Hellenistic culture flourishes. Alexander begins his empire. 334 BC Continued… 477-431 BC Greece’s Golden Age To be continued… War fought between Sparta and Athens for power 27 years Athens had strong navy. Sparta was good on land. Everyone fled to the city to escape Spartan attacks. Athens was not ready for that many people. Half of Athens died of illness by the third year. Other city-states got involved. (Delian League, Peloponnesian League) Athens was an outpost of Sparta, under Spartan rule. After ten years, Sparta gave Athens her independence. Athens began to regain her former glory. But Athens was never again the same. Greece was weak after the wars. Ruled 336-323 Bc) Rural Mountain Villages, not city-states King Philip II’s goal was to conquer Greece and move on against Persia. 16 x 16 phalanx formation with one 18-foot pike Conquered Greece when it was weak Philip was stabbed to death, so his son took over. 20 year-old king defeated Persia, India, etc. Used knowledge taught by Aristotle (Greek Culture) Never lost a battle Allowed subjects to rule themselves as long as they were loyal Became known as Alexander the Great Hellenistic Culture- the blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences due to Alexander’s reign Alexandria, Egypt became the center of commerce. Science, technology, philosophy, art