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Biological Sciences Unit 3B
Programme
Ecosystems: biodiversity and sustainability
Ecosystem resilience relies on maintaining biodiversity in order to be sustainable and productive.
Conservation strategies are developed to address environmental challenges—natural or human
induced.
Conservation
 rationale for the effective conservation of biodiversity within natural ecosystems
 conservation projects and strategies for maintaining biodiversity and the prevention of
extinction including:
 genetic strategies e.g. gene/seed banks, captive breeding programs, DNA profiling,
development of new strains
 environmental strategies e.g. biological control, reafforestation, introduced species, pest
control
 management strategies e.g. national parks, protected zones, licences, open seasons.
Continuity of species
DNA is a self-replicating and information-carrying molecule. The manipulation of DNA has lead to a
range of applications of biotechnology, particularly in medicine, agriculture and conservation.
Individuals within a species show variety in a range of characteristics. Change in a species, over
time, is due to the selection of inheritable characteristics best suited to the environment.
DNA
 replication of DNA
 protein synthesis.
Recombinant DNA technology
 techniques
 restriction enzymes
 ligation
 gel electrophoresis
 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
 processes
 gene cloning
 transgenic organisms
 DNA profiling.
Applications of DNA technologies
 recombinant DNA technology and DNA identification technology in
 agriculture
 environmental conservation.
Variation
 significance of meiosis
 sources of variation including
 mutations
 the independent assortment of chromosomes
 crossing over during meiosis
 random mating.
Isolation
 barriers to gene flow.
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
1
Selection
 process of natural selection leading to change in characteristics of a population e.g. pesticide
resistance, bird beaks, flowers and pollinators
 selective pressures leading to change or extinction e.g. loss of habitat, predation
 practical application of artificial selection e.g. the selective breeding of animals and crops.
Speciation/evolution
 gene pools
 changes in allele frequency due to:
 natural selection
 sexual selection
 genetic drift e.g. the founder effect.
Evidence for evolution
 evolutionary relationships between groups using physiological, molecular and evidence in
phylogenetic trees
 evidence for evolution including:
 fossils
 homologous structures
 comparative anatomy
 embryology of vertebrates
 comparative biochemistry and genetics.
Working as a biologist
Planning and conducting biological research
 design an investigation for an hypothesis
 devise a safe investigation involving a number of controlled variables.
Evaluating and communicating as a biologist
 analysis of current biological issues using scientifically informed sources
 environmental and ethical considerations associated with practices of biotechnology
 limitations of experimental design
 influence of biological research on decision-making and management of biological systems
 implications for careers and commercial applications of biological research.
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
2
Biological Sciences Unit 3B 2012
Programme
Texts which are referred to in this schedule are:
HQ
Heinemann Queensland Science Project (Biology: A Contextual Approach)
SAM
Heinemann Queensland Science Project Student Activity Manual
HQ eBiology Heinemann Queensland Science Project (Biology: A Contextual Approach) Teacher Resource and Assessment Disk
Biozone
Student Resource and Activity Manual Year 12
UFR
User Friendly Resources – Exploring Biotechnology Book A and Book B
UFR CC
User Friendly Resources – Cracking the Code from DNA to Proteins
Biotechnology Online
http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au
STAWA
WoL
Week
18
19
Year 11 Human Biology Lab manual
Web of Life Student Manual Part 2
Major content
Working as a biologist
Evaluating and
communicating as a biologist
 analysis of current
biological issues using
scientifically informed
sources
 environmental and ethical
considerations associated
with practices of
biotechnology
DNA
 replication of DNA
 protein synthesis.
Class activities
Text reading/homework
INTRODUCTION ACTIVITY
To engage students in this unit and get them thinking
about biotechnological process and conservation.
Should we clone extinct species? For example the
thylacine
The references below can be used to obtain ideas for
this activity
 HQ Student Manual 3.3 Tigers and devils p259-260
 Biotechnology Online Resurrecting extinct species
http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au
DNA TECHNOLOGY
DNA
DNA replication
DNA replication important in the production of new
daughter cells (mitosis and meiosis).
 Biozone 12 p188-189
 STAWA 34 DNA p132
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
3
HQ - p463-464
HQ - Review questions 5-9 p464-465
Assessment
Task 1 Extended
response: Should
we clone extinct
species?
Protein synthesis
When a cell needs to make a protein mRNA is
formed in the nucleus and moves into the cytoplasm
(Transcription). The mRNA join on to ribosomes and
codons on the mRNA are translated into amino
acids. Amino acids are then joined to produce the
required protein (Translation).
 SAM 3.2 Making master molecules Part A p255258
 HQ eBiology – Protein synthesis
 Biozone 12 p198-200
 STAWA 35 Protein synthesis p135
 UFR CC p11-17
19-20
Recombinant DNA
technology
 techniques
 restriction enzymes
 ligation
 gel electrophoresis
 polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)
HQ p473-480
HQ - Review questions 16-17 p474;
18-25 p481
Task 2 Practical
skills investigation:
DNA profiling of
Humpback Whales
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Recombinant DNA techniques
Once genes for particular traits have been identified, the
DNA can be isolated from genes (using restriction
enzymes), many copies can be made (PCR) and the
DNA can be incorporated into the DNA of another
organism (ligation). For example the isolation and
cloning of the insulin gene.
DNA samples can also be used for DNA profiling using
gel electrophoresis. PCR is used to produce many
copies of the DNA sample and restriction enzymes are
used to cut the DNA into pieces.
Restriction enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at particular sites.
These enzymes are used to manipulate individual
genes from a variety of organisms. Restriction
enzymes have been isolated from bacteria and are
named after the bacterial species from which they
originated.
 Biozone 12 p204-205
 UFR Book A p10-13
 Biology in Context – Advances in plant genetics
UWA
 DNA splicing interactive
http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
HQ - p469-472
HQ - Review question 13-14 p472
4
Ligation
The DNA fragments produced using restriction
enzymes are reassembled using an enzyme called
DNA ligase.
The DNA produced when restriction enzymes are
used to isolate fragments of DNA and DNA ligase is
used to reassemble the DNA is called recombinant
DNA.
 HQ p469-472
 Biozone 12 p206
 UFR Book A p20-24
Gel electrophoresis
Used to separate molecules (nucleic acids or
proteins) on the basis of size and electric charge.
 HQ p467-468
 Biozone 12 p207
 Biotech in a box activity or demonstration
 UFR Book A p15-17
 Biology in Context – Advances in plant genetics
UWA
Polymerase chain reaction
In order to conduct processes such as DNA
sequencing and profiling large amounts of DNA are
required. PCR is used to produce vast quantities of
DNA to enable these processed to occur even if only
a small DNA sample is available.
 Biozone 12 p208-209
 SAM 3.1 As easy as PCR p251-252
 UFR Book A p26-31
21-23


processes
 gene cloning
 transgenic
organisms
 DNA profiling.
recombinant DNA
technology and DNA
identification technology in
 agriculture
HQ - Review question 11 p472
HQ - p465-469
HQ - Review question 10, 12 p472
APPLICATIONS OF DNA TECHNOLOGIES
Transgenic organisms
A transgenic organism is one whose genome has
been altered by adding genes from a different
species into its genome using recombinant DNA
technology.

Biozone 12 p216-223

UFR Book B p54-58
In agriculture

Bt gene which codes for insecticide resistance
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
HQ - p539-540
HQ - Review question 43 p540
5
Task 3 Extended
response: GM
Bananas
 environmental
conservation.
e.g. Bt cotton
http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au

herbicide resistance e.g. canola
http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au
In environmental conservation

Biological control of pests
e.g. carp, mice
http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au
Gene cloning
Uses DNA technologies to making large quantities of
a desired piece of DNA once it has been isolated.
e.g. the production of insulin
 Biozone 12 p214-215
DNA profiling
 Biozone 12 p210-211, p212-213
 DNA profiling interactive
http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au
In agriculture
DNA profiling can be used in agriculture to determine
 The parentage of animals and plants for
breeding,
 The origins of animals and plants to determine
correct labeling of products e.g. grapes from
different wine regions
 The source of animals or plants in food products
e.g. substitution of fish/meat products
In environmental conservation
Scientists use DNA typing to measure
 the amount of genetic variation between different
populations of a species,
 determine the geographic distributions of
species,
 help preserve endangered or threatened species,
 determine the genetic resilience of wild
populations of endangered species
e.g. cheetahs are at risk of extinction largely
because there is virtually no genetic variation in
the species
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
6
HQ - p469-470
HQ - Review question 15 p472
DNA fingerprinting has also been used to monitor
illegal trade in protected species.
e.g. Wildlife forensics
http://wwwstaff.murdoch.edu.au
24-26


significance of meiosis
sources of variation
including
 mutations
 the independent
assortment of
chromosomes
 crossing over during
meiosis
 random mating.
NATURAL SELECTION AND EVOLUTION
HQ – p571-573; 351-353; 481-482;
523-524
HQ - Review question 1-3 p573; 1516 p353; 26-27 p483; 29 p528
Each population carries its own particular combination of
genetic material that comes about due to the shuffling of
chromosomes during gamete formation and mating.
Some of these combinations are well suited to their
environment, others are not.
This section will look at evolution through natural
selection that result in new variations in a species or the
evolution of a new species.
 Biozone 12 p329
Variation
Variation exists between members of the same species;
some of these variations are inherited. Variation can
occur during sexual reproduction due to the
rearrangement and shuffling of the genetic material into
new combinations through
 Independent assortment of chromosomes and
crossing over during meiosis, and
 Random selection of mates
Variation can also result from mutations which provide
new genetic information.

barriers to gene flow.
Meiosis
 HQ eBiology – meiosis
 Biozone 12 p192-193, p260, p274-275
 WoL 14a.4 and 146.9
Mutations
 Biozone 12 p244-245, p247-249, p251
Isolation
Barriers to gene flow prevent interbreeding between
groups of organisms of the same species resulting in
reproductive isolations. These barriers can be
 Geographical/environmental
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
HQ - p591-592
HQ - Review questions 23-24 p592
7
Task 4 Test 1: DNA
Technology
Task 5 Practical
skills investigation:
Natural selection
simulation



process of natural selection
leading to change in
characteristics of a
population e.g. pesticide
resistance, bird beaks,
flowers and pollinators
selective pressures leading
to change or extinction e.g.
loss of habitat, predation
practical application of
artificial selection e.g. the
selective breeding of
animals and crops.
 Ecological
 Behavioural
 Structural
 Biozone 12 p332-333
Selection
Natural selection is the process in which organisms
best adapted to their environment survive and pass
on the beneficial characteristics to their offspring.
Over time the frequency of the favourable
phenotypes will increase in the population.
Competition, predation, climatic factors, and disease are
examples of selection pressures that cause the changes
in phenotypes.
Natural selection
 Biozone 12 p302-305
Artificial selection
 Biozone 12 p312-3.5
 Farm note “genetics for sheep breeding”
HQ - p574-576; 593-595
HQ - Review questions 4-9 p576; 2527 p595
http://www.agric.wa.gov.au
27


gene pools
changes in allele frequency
due to:
 natural selection
 sexual selection
 genetic drift e.g. the
founder effect.
Speciation/Evolution
Over many generations the allele frequencies in a gene
pool can change. Such changes can lead the changing
population evolving into a separate species.
Changes in allele frequencies can occur due to:
Natural selection
 Biozone 12 p296-301
Genetic drift
 Biozone 12 p309, p311
Speciation
 Biozone 12 p334-337
HQ - p587-590
HQ - Review questions 21-22 p592

evolutionary relationships
between groups using
physiological, molecular
and evidence in
phylogenetic trees
evidence for evolution
including:
 fossils
 homologous structures
 comparative anatomy
 embryology of
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
HQ – p545-562
HQ - Review questions 1-8 p550; 915 p557; 16-18 p562

The theory of evolution is supported by large amounts of
scientific evidence.
 Biozone 12 p312-3.5
Fossils
 Biozone 12 p318-319
 WoL 15a.1
Comparative anatomy/Homologous structures
 Biozone 12 p325
 Biozone 12 p326
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
8

28-30


vertebrates
comparative
biochemistry and
genetics.
rationale for the effective
conservation of biodiversity
within natural ecosystems
conservation projects and
strategies for maintaining
biodiversity and the
prevention of extinction
including:
 genetic strategies e.g.
gene/seed banks,
captive breeding
programs, DNA
profiling, development
of new strains
 environmental
strategies e.g.
biological control,
reafforestation,
introduced species,
pest control
 management strategies
e.g. national parks,
protected zones,
licences, open
seasons.
Embryology
 Biozone 12 p322
Comparative biochemistry and genetics
 Biozone 12 p320-321
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
HQ - p116-118; p132-133
HQ - Review questions 1-4 p118; 35
p135
Biodiversity is the variety of life: the different plants,
animals and micro-organisms, their genes and the
ecosystems of which they are a part. Australia is one of
the most diverse countries on the planet. It is home to
more than one million species of plants and animals,
many of which are found nowhere else in the world.
Task 7 Extended
response: A case
study in
conservation
biology
Australia is facing its greatest ecological challenge to
prevent a complete collapse of its ecosystems. The loss
of biodiversity has reached critical proportions with
depletion of our forests, wetlands and rivers – the natural
habitats for our animals or birds and fish.
Pose the question:
“Why do we need to conserve biodiversity within natural
ecosystems?”
In groups students brainstorm ideas. These ideas can be
displayed and a gallery walk can be organised to share
ideas.
Genetic strategies
Students’ research each of the strategies to give an
example of they are being used in conserving and
maintaining biodiversity and preventing extinction. Could
be done as a Jigsaw or similar information sharing
strategy. Some examples are provided under each
heading
1. DNA banks
Australian frozen zoo
http://www.australianfrozenzoo.com
The Frozen Ark
http://www.frozenark.org
2. Seed Banks
 HQ p134-135
HQ - p134 -135
Millennium seed bank project
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
Task 6 Test 2:
Natural Selection
and Evolution
9
http://www.kew.org
Conservation seed science at Kings Park
http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/science
3. Captive breeding
Western Australia examples of captive breeding
programs
http://www.dec.wa.gov.au
http://www.perthzoo.wa.gov.au
HQ - p134
HQ - Review questions 36-37 p135
4. DNA Profiling
DNA profiling can be used
 to determine the genetic diversity of small
populations.
e.g. Quokka
http://wwwstaff.murdoch.edu.au
 the forensic and wildlife identification
e.g. Black cockatoos
http://wwwstaff.murdoch.edu.au
 to determine genetic diversity in native plant
species for conservation management and
restoration
e.g. Kings Park
http://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/science
Environmental strategies
Controlling introduced species
Feral animals and plants are so successful because they
can out-breed, out-eat and out-compete Australian
natives, as well as having few natural predators.
Introduced animal pests include rabbits, foxes, cats,
mice and cane toads. Examples of plant pests include
Patterson's curse, lantana and the prickly pear. Of these
feral invaders, many have outstayed their welcome by
causing massive damage to the Australian environment.
Students investigate an example of a biological control
that is being used to control introduced species helping
to conserve and maintain biodiversity of native species
and prevent extinction.
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
10
HQ - p119-121; 122-125
HQ - Review Questions 5-9 p122;
10-13 p123; 14-18 p125
 Managing weeds
http://www.weeds.gov.au
 managing feral animals
http://www.invasiveanimals.com
Management strategies
Western Shield program
Western Shield is the DEC's leading nature conservation
program and is working to bring at least 13 native animal
species back from the brink of extinction by controlling
introduced predators — the European fox and feral cat.
Launched in 1996, it is now the biggest wildlife
conservation program ever undertaken in Australia.
Students investigate how the Western Shield program is
helping to conserve and maintain biodiversity and
prevent extinction.
 Deadly Protects DVD produced by DEC
 http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/programs
DETSS | Biological Sciences Unit 3B programme
© Department of Education and Training, Western Australia, 2009
11