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Characteristics and Components
of an Ecosystem
AICE EM: Biosphere
Key Content 1
Or everything I should
remember from Biology
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What are the major abiotic and biotic factors, which drive
and influence the distribution of different ecosystems?
• The biotic and abiotic factors which control
the distribution of the world’s major biomes
as listed in the notes for guidance.
– A survey of the global system followed by a study
of the distribution of the following biomes:
tropical rain forest, monsoon rain forest, tropical
savannah, desert, temperate deciduous and high
latitude tundra.
Biosphere
Parts of the earth's air, water, and soil
where life is found
Ecosystem
A community of different species
interacting with one another and with their
nonliving environment of matter and energy
Community
Populations of different species living in a particular
place, and potentially interacting with each other
Population
Organism
Cell
Molecule
Atom
A group of individuals of the same species living
in a particular place
An individual living being
The fundamental structural and functional unit
of life
Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the
same or different elements
Smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits
its chemical properties
Stepped Art
Fig. 3-3, p. 52
Habitats
• Place where organism lives.
– Small (termite intestine)
– Large (ocean)
• Includes abiotic & biotic features
• “Natural address”
BIOMES
• Biomes are major areas where interactions between
abiotic & biotic factors occur. They are groups of
similar ecosystems characterized by precipitation,
and temperature ranges, soil properties, plant
communities, and animal communities.
Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s
Current Climate Zones
Moist air rises, cools,
and releases moisture as
rain
Polar cap
Arctic tundra
Evergreen coniferous
60° forest
Temperate deciduous forest
and grassland
Desert
30°
Tropical deciduous forest
Equator
0° Tropical rain forest
Tropical deciduous forest
30°
60°
Desert
Temperate deciduous forest
and grassland
Polar cap
Fig. 7-6, p. 144
The Earth’s Major Biomes
Biome Location Based on Altitude &
Latitude
Elevation
Mountain ice
and snow
Tundra (herbs, lichens,
mosses)
Coniferous Forest
Deciduous Forest
Latitude
Tropical Forest
Tropical Forest
Deciduous Forest
Coniferous
Forest
Tundra (herbs, Polar ice
lichens,
and snow
mosses)
Stepped Art
Fig. 7-9, p. 147
Major Biomes along the 39th Parallel
in the U.S.
Polar
Tundra
Subpolar
Temperate
Coniferous forest
Desert
Deciduous
forest
Grassland
Chaparral
Tropical
Desert
Rain forest
Tropical seasonal
forest
Savanna
Scrubland
Fig. 7-10, p. 147
Stepped Art
Fig. 7-11, p. 149
Climatogram
• Research information
pertaining to:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Temperature range:
Precipitation range:
Soil properties:
Plants:
Animals:
Other details about the
biome:
Your Responsibilities
• Refer to slide 2 for a list of
required biomes.
• Also look up the human
impacts on Terrestrial
Ecosystems (K 2)
• Next slides discuss Aquatic
Systems
– Research influence of human
activity on marine
ecosystems: including coastal
waters, oceans, and coral
reefs.
Sea level
0
50
Euphotic Zone
Estuarine Zone
Depth in
meters
100
Continental shelf
200
Photosynthesis
Coastal
Zone
Open Sea
Sun
500
Bathyal Zone
1,000
Twilight
High tide
Low tide
1,500
2,000
Abyssal
Zone
3,000
4,000
5,000
Darkness
Water temperature drops
rapidly between the euphotic
zone and the abyssal zone in an
area called the thermocline .
10,000
0
5
10
15
20
Water temperature (°C)
25
30
Fig. 8-5, p. 166
Sunlight
Painted
turtle
Blue-winged teal
Green frog
Muskrat
Pond snail
Littoral zone
Plankton
Diving
beetle
Northern
pike
Yellow perch
Bloodworms
Fig. 8-15, p. 175
Rain and
snow
Lake
Glacier
Rapids
Waterfall
Tributary
Flood plain
Oxbow lake
Salt marsh
Delta Deposited
sediment
Ocean
Source Zone
Transition Zone
Floodplain Zone
Sediment
Water
Fig. 8-17, p. 176
What are the main components and characteristics
of ecosystems and how are they structured?
• The characteristics of ecosystems in terms of
their biotic and abiotic components (soil,
temperature, rainfall, photosynthesis, net
primary productivity, succession, biomass,
biodiversity, trophic levels, food chains and webs,
habitats and niches).
• The interaction of these components to be
illustrated through relative size of the flows and
stores of nutrients between vegetation, litter and
soil.
Lower limit
of tolerance
Range of Tolerance
Few
organisms
Zone of
intolerance
Zone of
physiological
stress
Abundance of organisms
Few
organisms
No
organisms
Zone of
physiological
stress
Zone of
intolerance
Population size
No
organisms
Higher limit
of tolerance
Low
Optimum range
Temperature
High
Fig. 3-10, p. 58
NICHES: the role you fill
• Trophic level
– Producer / autotroph
– Consumer / heterotroph
• Herbivore, carnivore/omnivore, 3° consumer, decomposer
• What do you provide/do for ecosystem/habitat
–
–
–
–
–
Pollinator
Provide shelter
Nutrient cycler
Trap soil
Absorb nutrients
Generalist species
with a broad niche
Number of individuals
Specialist species
with a narrow niche
Niche
separation
Niche
breadth
Region of
niche overlap
Resource use
Fig. 4-11, p. 91
Black skimmer
seizes small fish
at water surface
Black skimmer
seizes small fish
at water surface
Brown pelican dives
for fish, which it
locates from the air
Dowitcher probes
deeply into mud in
search of snails,
marine worms, and
small crustaceans
Avocet sweeps bill
through mud and
surface water in search
of small crustaceans,
insects, and seeds
Flamingo feeds on Scaup and other divingLouisiana heron
minute organisms ducks feed on
wades into
in mud
mollusks, crustaceans, water to seize
and aquatic vegetationsmall fish
Oystercatcher feeds on
clams, mussels, and
other shellfish into
which it pries its
narrow beak
Ruddy turnstone
searches under
shells and pebbles
for small
invertebrates
Herring gull
is a tireless
scavenger
Knot (sandpiper)
picks up worms
and small
crustaceans
left by receding
tide
Piping plover
feeds on insects
and tiny
crustaceans on
sandy beaches
Fig. 4-13, p. 93
Energy
•
•
•
•
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
Net Primary Production
Draw a picture
representing the
Biomass
molecules. Use colored
pencils for each
Energy Diagrams
– Food chain
– Food Web
– Energy Pyramid
• 10 % Rule
Primary
element.
productivity
Translate
is the
this
amountchemical
of photosynthesis
formula into
/ time.
a
NPP:sentence
Amount using
of biomass
words.
produced minus amount of
energy lost to cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
• 6 CO2 + 6 H20 → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
• Is two separate reactions
– 1st Light reaction
• Chlorophyl is located in thylakoid membranes
• Light energy splits H20 and enters a photosystem,
located in thylakoid membranes
• Electrons move along photosystem
• Oxygen is byproduct
• 2 H20 → 4 H+ + 4e- + O2
Photosynthesis
– 2nd reaction
• Calvin Cycle (or alternative pathways)
• Carbon fixation – CO2 is “fixed” into an
organic molecule like C6H12O6
• Uses the H+ & energy from first reaction
• Occurs in stroma
– Rate of photosynthesis is dependant on
light intensity, level of CO2, and
temperature.
Ocelot
Harpy
eagle
Blue and gold
macaw
Squirrel
monkeys
Climbing
monstera palm
Katydid
Slaty-tailed
trogon
Tree frog
Green tree
snake
Ants
Bacteria
Bromeliad
Fungi
Producer to
primary
consumer
Primary to
secondary
consumer
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
All producers and consumers to
decomposers
Fig. 7-16, p. 155
Word bank: closed, cyclical flowchart, open, straight line flow chart
First Trophic
Level
Second Trophic
Level
Producers
(plants)
Heat
Primary
consumers
(herbivores)
Heat
Third Trophic
Level
Fourth Trophic
Level
Secondary
consumers
(carnivores)
Tertiary
consumers
(top carnivores)
Heat
Heat
Solar
energy
Heat
Heat
Heat
Decomposers and detritus feeders
Flow of energy is __________ system and can be represented
by a ____________
Flow of matter is a __________ system and can be represented
by a _____________?
Fig. 3-13, p. 62
Tertiary
consumers
(human)
Usable energy available
at each trophic level
(in kilocalories)
Secondary
consumers
(perch)
Primary
consumers
(zooplankton)
Heat
10
Heat
100
Heat
Decomposers
Heat
1,000
Heat
10,000
Producers
(phytoplankton)
Fig. 3-15, p. 63
Nutrient Cycles
•
•
•
•
•
Water
Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Condensation
Global
warming
Precipitation
to land
Ice and
snow
Transpiration
from plants
Condensation
Evaporation
from land
Surface runoff
Runoff
Lakes and
reservoirs
Infiltration
and percolation
into aquifer
Groundwater
movement (slow)
Processes
Evaporation
from ocean
Reduced recharge of
aquifers and flooding
from covering land with
crops and buildings
Precipitation
to ocean
Point
source
pollution
Surface
runoff
Aquifer
depletion from
overpumping
Increased
flooding
from wetland
destruction
Ocean
Processes affected by humans
Reservoir
Pathway affected by humans
Natural pathway
Fig. 3-17, p. 66
Carbon dioxide
in atmosphere
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Forest fires
Animals
(consumers)
Diffusion
Burning
fossil fuels
Deforestation
Transportation
Respiration
Plants
(producers)
Carbon
in plants
(producers)
Carbon
in animals
(consumers)
Carbon dioxide
dissolved in ocean
Marine food webs
Producers, consumers,
decomposers
Carbon
in limestone or
dolomite sediments
Decomposition
Carbon
in fossil fuels
Compaction
Processes
Reservoir
Pathway affected by humans
Natural pathway
Fig. 3-18, p. 68
Processes
Nitrogen
in atmosphere
Reservoir
Pathway affected by humans
Natural pathway
Nitrogen oxides
from burning fuel
and using inorganic
fertilizers
Nitrates
from fertilizer
runoff and
decomposition
Denitrification
by bacteria
Electrical
storms
Volcanic
activity
Nitrogen
in animals
(consumers)
Nitrification
by bacteria
Nitrogen
in plants
(producers)
Decomposition
Uptake by plants
Nitrate
in soil
Nitrogen
loss to deep
ocean sediments
Nitrogen
in ocean
sediments
Bacteria
Ammonia
in soil
Fig. 3-19, p. 69
Processes
Reservoir
Pathway affected by humans
Natural pathway
Phosphates
in sewage
Phosphates
in mining waste
Phosphates
in fertilizer
Plate
tectonics
Runoff
Runoff
Sea
birds
Runoff
Erosion
Animals
(consumers)
Phosphate
dissolved in
water
Plants
(producers)
Phosphate
in rock
(fossil bones,
guano)
Phosphate
in shallow
ocean sediments
Ocean
food webs
Phosphate
in deep ocean
sediments
Bacteria
Fig. 3-21, p. 71
Sulfur dioxide
in atmosphere
Sulfuric acid
and Sulfate
deposited as
acid rain
Smelting
Burning
coal
Refining
fossil fuels
Sulfur
in animals
(consumers)
Dimethyl
sulfide
a bacteria
byproduct
Sulfur
in ocean
sediments
Processes
Reservoir
Sulfur
in plants
(producers)
Mining and
extraction
Decay
Uptake
by plants
Decay
Sulfur
in soil, rock
and fossil fuels
Pathway affected by humans
Natural pathway
Fig. 3-22, p. 72
Natural Capital: Major Components of
the Earth’s Biodiversity
Species Diversity: Variety, Abundance of
Species in a Particular Place
 Species diversity
• Species richness
• Species evenness
 Diversity varies with geographical location
• Most species-rich communities
•
•
•
•
Tropical rain forests
Coral reefs
Ocean bottom zone
Large tropical lakes
Variations in Species Richness and
Species Evenness
Relationships
• Predator/prey
– Can cause coevolution
• Symbiosis
– Commensalism
– Mutualism
– Parasitism
• Competition
– Drives evolution
Environmental
resistance
Carrying capacity (K)
Population size
Population stabilizes
Exponential
growth
Biotic
potential
Time (t)
Fig. 5-11, p. 111
Number of sheep (millions)
2.0
Population
overshoots
carrying
capacity
Carrying capacity
1.5
Population recovers
and stabilizes
1.0
Exponential
growth
Population
runs out of
resources
and crashes
.5
1800
1825
1850
1875
1900
1925
Year
Fig. 5-12, p. 111
Population Cycles for the Snowshoe
Hare and Canada Lynx
Exposed
rocks
Lichens and
mosses
Small herbs
and shrubs
Heath mat
Jack pine,
black spruce,
and aspen
Balsam fir,
paper birch, and
white spruce
forest community
Fig. 5-16, p. 116
Annual
weeds
Perennial
weeds and
grasses
Shrubs and
small pine
seedlings
Young pine forest
with developing
understory of oak and
hickory trees
Mature oak and hickory
forest
Fig. 5-17, p. 117